INTRODUCTIONTOTURBULENTFLOWS.docVIP

Intro. Turbulent Flows PAGE  PAGE 8 INTRODUCTION TO TURBULENT FLOWS What is turbulence? How is turbulence created? How do we solve turbulent flows? General Purposes u? and Mass diffussion and concentration statistics Details of turbulent motion and how they interact Three Types of turbulence Grid turbulence --? not self-sustaining Wall shear layers ? self sustaining -? wall effect as a turbulence source Free shear layers --? mixing layers --? two fluid at different speeds --? jets, wakes Characteristics of turbulence Velocity fluctuates in a random manner --? Statisitically can be studied High levels of vorticity fluctuations High Reynolds numbers Described by the Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations Higher levels of momentum and energy transfers Dissivative Continuum level Certain spatial structures -? eddies –vortices - mushroom like, etc, all are distributed continuesly. Reynolds Decompositions (RANS = Reynolds Average of N-S) Fig. 1. Typical of velocity fluctuation in turbulent flows. The mean value of a fluctuation components is zero, For time averages to make sense, the integral have to be independent of t0. ; = 0 = 0 0 if ui and uj are correlated. = 0 if ui and uj are uncorrelated. if = P + p. N-S equations can be written as (1) (2) and are the instantaneous velocities. Equation for the mean flow for a turbulent flow The momentum equation is obtained by substituting and = P + p and taking a time average (). (3) The continuity equation becomes: and . ? , since . or (4) where ?ij is Kronecker delta. ?ij = i if i = j, and 0 if i ? j. Equation (4) is the momentum equation for the mean flow. For turbulent flows, it is not enough equations to solve the problem, because of the attendance of the Reynolds stress tensors . This leads to a closure problem. In general, one can write: (5) where . If is symetric, then and there are six independent components, instead of n