unitChemicalBonds.docVIP

Chemical Bonds Part I. Text-Translation： What hold matter together? In other words, why does glue stick, or what causes pieces of hard candy to stick together? Why is a diamond so hard; why is wax soft? 是什么维持物质在一起？ 换言之，为什么胶水能粘连？什么使硬糖块粘在一起？为什么钻石如此之硬，而蜡却软？ Or, in reverse, why do things break of fall apart? Why is stable salt so brittle? Why does paint peel? Why do some substances melt at a rather low temperature, while others melt at higher temperature? 或者，反过来来说，为什么东西会碎裂散开?为什么食盐这么易碎？为什么漆会脱落？为什么有些物质在相对低的温度下溶解而另一些物质却在高温下溶解？ These and similar questions can be answered logically and be consistent with experimental evidence if we think of matter as one atom bound to another. 如果我们把物质认为是由一个原子和另外一个原子组成的话，那么这些类似的问题可以有逻辑的来回答，并且与实验证据相一致。 Most of the reasons for matter bonding to matter (or atom to atom) can be summarized by two concise notions. 与物质（或原子与原子）相连的最主要的原因可以归纳为两个概念: Unlike charges attract. 不同电荷的互相吸引。 Electrons tend to exist in pairs. 电子趋同于成对存在。 Couple these two ideas (one empirical; one theoretical) with the proximity requirement that only the outer electrons of the atoms(the valence electrons) interact, and you have the basic concepts that explain how atoms on over 6 million compounds bond to each other. 把这两个概念（一个是建立在经验之上的；一个是建立在理论之上的）和相类似的要求即只有离原子中心较远电子（价电子）在相互作用放在一起，那么你对原子是如何相互结合组成6百多万种化合物就会有基本的概念。 Just how the different atoms use these principles to bond atom to atom is the subject of this article. We shall see that the action of an atom in the formation of a bond is dictated by its atomic structure and generalized by its position in the periodic table. 这篇文章的主题是不同的原子是如何遵照这些原理相互结合的。我们应该可以明白一个原子在化学键的形成中的作用是由它的原子结构决定的，通常是有它在元素周期表上的位置决定的。 Various interactions of the atoms cause the formation of five major types of chemical bonds. 原子之间不同的相互作用形成了五种不同的主要的化学键。 The types of bonds, along with some common materials in which they occur, are: 几种键的类型，以及包含这些键的常见物质有： 1. Ionic binding Salts, such as stable salt (sodium chloride); and metal oxides, such as lime, iron rust, r