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Chapter 2 Fundamentals of
Crystals
Context
? 2.1 Fundamentals of Crystals
? 2.2 Macroscopic Symmetry of Crystals
? 2.3 Categories of Crystal Symmetry
? 2.4 Indexing of Directions in Crystals
and Crystal Symbols
? 2.5 Ideal Figure of Crystals
? 2.6 Basic Features of Crystal Structure
Chap 2.1 Fundamentals of Crystals
1. Concept of crystals
Crystals: particles that compose crystal are regularly
and symmetrically arrayed in space in the form of
orderly rows, nets, lattices.
So, the common features of crystals are regularities
and symmetry .
? NaCl has a regular
cubic appearance, but
some crystals of NaCl
don’t and they can form
the regular cubic
appearance when put in
the saturated solution of
NaCl.
? Hence, not the regular
appearance but the
internal structures Crystal structure of NaCl.
determine the Na+ Cl-
properties of crystals
? We can find out such points in crystals that they
locate in the same position and environment.
? Those positions are homogeneous, called
crunodes.
? A series of homologous points produce a plane
net or space lattice.
In space lattice, crunodes in a straight line form a
row, while in a plane they produce a net. And the
crunodes located in a space compose a space
lattice.
2. Basic properties of crystal
(1) Homogeneity: Because of the features of the
crystal internal structure, any parts of crystal
have the same properties.
(2) Anisotropy: Almost all the properties of a crystal
vary in different directions because in crystal
structure the distances and bonds between
particles vary in different directions.
(3)Self-limited: Crystals can form protuberant
polyhedrons spontaneously.
(4) Symmetry: The same part of crystal and the
properties can regularly repeat in different
directions and positions.
(5) The lowest U: Crystals have the lowest energy
compared with gas, liquid and other solid under
the sam
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