月8日托福阅读真题解析.docVIP

2013年9月8日托福阅读真题解析 第一篇 TOPIC 儿童时代性格对终身影响 　　一个人研究了M和L俩孩子，一个内向，一个外向。内向的M看到新奇novel事物就害怕；外向的L看到新奇事物安静、微笑。等他们长大后，M很内向，L很外向。 　　然后又研究一群孩子，40%内向，30%外向，这两组孩子被称为extreme groups。等他们长大后，其中20-30%保持极端性格，剩下大部分都变了，shy不再那么shy，outgoing也不那么outgoing了（有题）。 　　后来从生物角度研究这两种极端孩子的生理区别：一是一种A的东西对新奇事物的兴奋度不同，shy的更兴奋，而A对神经中枢有刺激作用；二是shy的心跳快、血压高、体表温度低；三是brain pattern不同，shy的右脑更灵活，outgoing的左脑更灵活。 　　最后说家长可以帮助内向的小朋友克服心里恐惧，变得不内向。而是否内外向，与基因没有太多关联，主要靠后天因素。 解析：本文属于已有较长时间未考到的儿童心理学话题。该话题在TPO中有多篇文章，包括如Infantile Amnesia等。但由于2013年考试过程中极少涉及此话题，不必过多复习。结合下附文章简单了解即可。 Lifes Extremes: Outgoing vs. Shy We all know them: The exuberant, outgoing glad-handers who relish a social gathering, and the reserved, shy wallflowers who might not attend the event at all. On a given day, of course, any one of us might want to throw a spontaneous party or have some quiet alone time. But in terms of overall sociability, most of us fall within a middle range somewhere between gregarious and shy. A minority of people, however, cannot get enough social interaction, and some outright dread it. As for how we come to have such varied personalities as adults, science increasingly supports what many of us would suppose: A combination of nature (innate biology) and nurture (environment and upbringing) shape our modes of behavior. [Read: Personality Predicted By Size of Different Brain Regions] Its the old [saying], Biology is not destiny, said Nancy Snidman, director of research in the Child Development Unit at Childrens Hospital Boston. Theres a lot of variability in the system, which also means flexibility. Long-term studies tracking infants through early adulthood have suggested that we are born with predispositions to respond to the environment in a particular way. Psychologists refer to this built-in responsivity as temperament. (The familiar labels of introvert (preferring solitary activity) or extrovert (seeking social excitement) fall under this category.) [Read: Brains of Introverts Reveal Why They Prefer to Be Alone