EVM Degradation in LTE Systems by RF Filtering.pdfVIP

OFDM ? To overcome the effect of multi path fading problem available in UMTS, LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for the downlink[2]. OFDM ? That is, from the base station to the terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth i.e. OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to carry data[2]. ? OFDM, is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. ? Besides, The basic LTE physical resource can be also seen as a time-frequency grid[2]. OFDM ? The OFDM symbols are grouped into resource blocks. One resource block has a total size of 180kHz in the frequency domain and 0.5ms in the time domain. Each user is allocated a number of so-called resource blocks in the time and frequency grid. The more resource blocks a user gets, and the higher the modulation used in the resource elements, the higher the data-rate[2]. OFDM ? As mentioned above, a resource block (RB) is the smallest unit of resources that can be allocated to a user. The RB is 180 kHz wide in frequency and 0.5 ms in time. In frequency, the RB contains 12 x 15 kHz subcarriers[4]. Time Unit Value Frame 10 ms Half-frame 5 ms Sub-frame 1 ms Slot 0.5 ms Symbol (0.5 / 7) ms OFDM ? The bandwidths defined by the standard are 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz. For downlink signals, the DC subcarrier is not transmitted, but is counted in the number of subcarriers. For uplink, the DC subcarrier does not exist because the entire spectrum is shifted down in frequency by half the subcarrier spacing and is symmetric about DC[4,5]. OFDMA ? With the identical number of channels, OFDM occupies less bandwidth than FDMA by orthogonality between subcarriers. OFDMA ? To achieve high radio spectral efficiency as well as enable efficient scheduling i