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Fair Dice A Tilt and Motion-Aware Cube with a Conscience
Fair Dice: A Tilt and Motion-Aware Cube with a Conscience
Kristof Van Laerhoven and Hans-Werner Gellersen
Lancaster University
{kristof, hwg}@comp.lancs.ac.uk
Abstract
As an example of sensory augmentation of a tiny
object, a small cube-sized die is presented that
perceives rolls and records what face it lands on. It is
thus able to detect bias for unfair behaviour due to its
physical imperfections. On a deeper level, this case
study demonstrates the integration of energy-efficient
sensor fusion, combination of classifiers, and a
wireless interface to adaptive classification heuristics.
1. Introduction
The chance element in thousands of indoor games
is introduced by a variety of simple random-number
generators. The most popular of such devices, ever
since the time of ancient Egypt, have been cubical
dice. (Martin Gardner, Mathematical Magic Show).
These remarks beg the question: How fair are dice?
Does each face appear with equal probability when it is
tossed? And: how can one find out whether particular
dice are fairly rolled or not?
Dice are thrown to provide uniformly distributed
random numbers. Fair dice need to be symmetrically
shaped and have a centre of gravity in the exact
middle. The methodology that dice manufacturers
apply to achieve fair dice, is based on making near-
perfect smooth and symmetrical cubes of a
homogeneous material. However, even with these
measures in place, no single die is perfect or fair.
2. Unfair dice
Intentionally unfair dice are also called loaded or
crooked dice: they are altered to produce skewed or
predictable results, for cheating or entertainment. Some
have round and sharp edges and slightly-off square
faces, others have weights added to one side.
More sophisticated versions of the latter type
include tappers, which have a drop of mercury load
in the center of the cube that is activated by tapping the
die, and variable loaded dice, which are hollow with a
small weigh
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