Chapter13課件.pptVIP

垄断管制 Quantity Price D AC MC The 垄断 could charge some users the high price (P1) and others a low price (P2) P1 Q1 P2 Q2 The profits from one class of user would then subsidize the losses from the other users 垄断管制 Another approach would be to allow the 垄断 to charge a price above marginal cost that is sufficient to earn a “fair” rate of return on investment 垄断管制 Suppose that a regulated utility has a production function of the form q = f (k,l) 厂商的资本实际回报率定义为 垄断管制 假设回报率限定为 s0, then the firm’s problem is to maximize profits ? = pf (k,l) – wl – vk subject to this constraint The Lagrangian for this problem is ? = pf (k,l) – wl – vk + ?[wl + s0k – pf (k,l)] 垄断管制 If ?=0, regulation is ineffective and the 垄断 behaves like any profit-maximizing firm If ?=1, the Lagrangian reduces to ? = (s0 – v)k which (assuming s0v), will mean that the 垄断 will hire infinite amounts of capital 垄断管制 Therefore, 0?1 and the FOCs for a maximum are: ?? /?l = pfl – w + ?(w – pfl) = 0 ?? /?k = pfk – v + ?(s0 – pfk) = 0 ?? /?? = wl + s0k – pf (k,l) = 0 垄断管制 Because s0v and ?1, this means that pfk v The firm will hire more capital than it would under unregulated conditions it will also achieve a lower marginal productivity of capital Dynamic Views of 垄断 Some economists have stressed the beneficial role that 垄断利润 can play in the process of economic development provide funds that can be invested in research and development provides an incentive to keep one step ahead of potential competitors * 例13.2 福利损失与弹性 To find the transfer from consumer surplus into 垄断利润 we can divide 垄断利润 by the competitive consumer surplus If e = -2, this ratio is ? 垄断与产品质量 Market power 将影响 market price，type, quality, or diversity of goods Higher-quality or lower-quality than competitive firms? 取决于消费者需求与厂商的成本性质 垄断与产品质量 假设消费者愿意为质量X 支付由 逆需求函数 P(Q,X) 给定 ?P/?Q 0 and ?P/?X 0 If costs are given by C(Q,X), the 垄断 will choose Q and X to maximize ? = P(Q,X)Q - C(Q,X) 垄断与产品质量 First-order conditions for a maximum are MR =