1.基础知识Fundamentals.doc

1.基础知识Fundamentals 集合与子集Sets and Subsets 集合的表示 是谓词Predicate表示元素x具有某种属性满足P(x), 即具有性质P的x 是集合A的元素 例 元素不计次序 , a is in A, a is an element of A. 集合的例子 The set of positive integers and zero 自然数集 The set of all integers(positive and negative integers and zero) 整数集 the set of all positive integers Z+=正整数集 The set of all rational numbers 有理数集 the set of real number 实数集 ?={ } empty set空集. 集合相等equal if and only if for every . 1.1.4子集 subset . . 例For any set A, ??A，A?A, , 1.1.5真子集proper subset （有限）集合的基数 the cardinality of a finite set If a set A has n distinct elements, , n is called the cardinality of A , is denoted by |A|. |{a,b,c,d}|=4, |{a, {a}}|=2 , | ? |=0. 1.1.7全集universe(论域)U We always assume that for each discussion there is a universal set U , for any set A in the discussion , A?U, for any element x in the discussion x∈U 幂集power set If |A| = n then |P(A)|=2n. 1.2集合的运算Operations on the Sets 交intersection 1.2.2并union 1.2.3差difference 1.2.4补complement 1.2.5对称差symmetric difference 例U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. Then A∪B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} A∩B = {4, 5} = {0, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} = {0, 1, 2, 3, 9, 10} A - B = {1, 2, 3} B - A = {6, 7, 8} AB = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8} A∩B∩C= =A1∩A2∩(∩An= A∪B∪C= =A1∪A2∪(∪An= 1.2.6Venn diagrams（文氏图） Diagrams used to show relationships between sets after the British logician John VennA useful geometric visualization tool (for 3 or less sets). The Universe U is the rectangular box. Each set is represented by a circle and its interior. All possible combinations of the sets must be represented 1.2.7集合运算的代数性质Algebraic Properties of Set Operations Theorem 1. 集合运算满足如下性质： 交换律Commutative Propertie1. 2.. 结合律 Associative Properties 3. 4. 分配律Distributive Property 5. 6. 幂等律Idempotent Properties 7. 8. 补余率 Properties of the Complement 9． 10. 11. 12. 13. 德·摩根律 De Morgan’s Law 14. 15. 零一律Properties