4 Human brain information processing人因工程.ppt

Chapter 4 Human Brain Information Processing;;4.1 Sense ;Taste or gustation is one of the two main “chemical” senses. It is well-known that there are at least four types of taste “bud” (味蕾)(receptor) on the tongue ,and these in fact constitute four or more different senses, given that each receptor conveys information to a slightly different region of the brain. Smell or olfaction is the other “chemical” sense. Unlike taste, there are hundreds of olfactory receptors, each binding to a particular molecular(分子) feature. Touch or tactition is the sense of pressure perception, generally in the skin. There are a variety of pressure receptors that respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc). ;;Short-term sensory store (STSS): A temporary mechanism for prolonging(延长) the representation of the raw stimulus evidence for durations as short as around 0.5 second (visual STSS) ,to 2-4 seconds (auditory STSS).;4.1.2 Features of STSS;4.2 Perception（感知）;4.4 Features of Perception;4.4.1 Constancy(恒??性) Objects remain remarkably constant despite variations in distance, slant(倾斜), and retinal（视网膜） locus caused by movements of the observer. This fact, referred to as perceptual constancy, is perhaps the hallmark(特点) of perception and more than any other, serves to characterize the field of perception. ; Size constancy(大小恒常性) Except at very great distances, an object appears the same size whether seen nearby or far away, although the size of its image on the retina(视网膜) can be very different. Shape constancy(形状恒常性) A circle seen from the side is perceived as a circle, although it appears as an ellipse(椭圆) on the retina. Orientation constancy(方向恒常性) Objects appear to keep the same orientation in space, independently of the orientation of the observer‘s head. Position constancy(位置恒常性) A fixed object remains perceived as stationary even when its image on the retina moves because of eye or head movements. ; Perceived movement cannot simply be explained b