国际市场营销——国际贸易的动态环境探索.pptx

The Dynamic Environment of International Trade国际贸易的动态环境;The Twentieth to the Twenty – First Century20世纪到21世纪;The Marshall Plan马歇尔计划;The benefits flowed both ways, since for every dollar developed countries invested in underdeveloped countries, they received hundreds of dollars in return on invested capital in the form of manufactured goods, agricultural goods, etc. Since the North American economies and infrastructures had not been ravaged by the war, they were the main benefactors of the post war economic resurgence. The United States and Canada became rich countries!!!利益有两方面,发达国家的每一美元投资都投入到不发达国家,以工业品,农产品为形式作为投入资本的回报.因为北美国家的经济和基础设施没在战争中破坏,他们是战后经济复苏的主要资助者,美国和加拿大聚敛财富;GATT关税和贸易总协定; Trade Investment Measures (TRIMS); Established the basic principle that investment restrictions can be major trade barriers. 贸易投资措施:建立的投资限制的基本原则可能会成为主要的贸易壁垒;The World Trade Organization世界贸易组织;Skirting the Spirit of GATT and WTO回避关贸协定和世贸精神;The International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织;The World Bank世界银行;Services Provided by The World Bank世界银行提供的服务;4. Providing investors with investment guarantees against non commercial risk factors.为投资者提供投资保证防止商业风险 5. increase investment flow by providing conciliation and arbitration services to sort disputes between governments and investors.通过提供调解和仲裁政府与投资者之间的争端的服务来增加投资;Protests Against Global Institutions反对全球化体系;International Trade Theories国际贸易理论;Adam Smith and Absolute Advantage亚当·斯密和绝对优势;David Ricardo and Comparative Advantage大卫·李嘉图和相对优势;Heckscher – Ohlin and Factor Endowments赫克舍·奥林和具备的生产要素;Country Similarity Theory国家相似理论;Product Life Cycle Theory产品周期理论;2. Mature Product Stage; Demand for the product expands faster then supply as customers alter their choices and adopt new styling. As demand moves offshore so does production!成熟产品阶段:对产品的需求迅速增长,然后供给满足消费者的不同选择和采用新款式,产品的需求和生产到达国外 3. Standardized Product Stage; Demand for the product stabilizes. The innovative features of the product no longer exist. Production moves to the lowest cost locations as demand drops.标准