经济学应用与分析.ppt

Chapter Three; Part I;Firm Supply;Firm Supply;Market Environments;Market Environments;Market Environments;Market Environments;Market Environments;Pure Competition;Pure Competition;Pure Competition;Pure Competition;Pure Competition;Pure Competition;Pure Competition;Pure Competition;Pure Competition;Smallness;Smallness;厂商索要的价格和它销售的产量之间的关系称为厂商面临的需求曲线。 了解“厂商面临的需求曲线”与“市场需求曲线”之间的区别很重要。市场需求曲线表示市场价格与某种商品销售总量之间的关系；厂商面临的需求曲线是指市场价格与某特定厂商的产量之间的关系。 ;市场需求曲线取决于消费者行为；厂商面临的需求曲线不仅取决于消费者行为，还取决于其他厂商的行为。 由于竞争性市场上每家厂商的产量只占整个行业总产量的一个极小的微不足道的份额，所以竞争性厂商面临的是一条基本水平的需求曲线，它的高度由市场价格——市场上其他厂商索要的价格——决定。; Chapter Seven Part I;The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision;第3章;第3章;第3章;第3章;第3章;The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision;理论应用：边际原则与经营成败;The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision;For the interior case of ys* 0, the first-order maximum profit condition(利润最大化的一阶条件) is;The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Short-Run Shut-Down(停止营业) Condition;But not every point on the upward-sloping part of the firm’s MC curve represents a profit-maximum. The firm’s profit function is If the firm chooses y = 0 then its profit is 即厂商生产量为零时，它仍要支付固定成本。;So the firm will choose an output level y 0 only if;So the firm will choose an output level y 0 only if I.e., only ifEquivalently, only if;AVCs(y);AVCs(y);AVCs(y);AVCs(y);AVCs(y);AVCs(y);AVCs(y);The Firm’s Short-Run Supply Decision; Chapter Seven Part I;The Firm’s Long-Run Supply Decision;在短期内，厂商某些生产要素的供给量是固定的，在长期内这些要素是可??的。因此，在产出价格变化时，厂商在长期内比在短期有更多的调整选择自由。 这就意味着长期供给曲线比短期供给曲线对价格变化更为敏感即更有弹性。;The Firm’s Long-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Long-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Long-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Long-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’s Long-Run Supply Decision;The Firm’