1-肿瘤与免疫-概述,癌变相关机制.pptxVIP

肿瘤与免疫 Tumor and Immunity;上海交通大学医学院 免疫与微生物学系 葛 海 良 地址：医学院西院5号楼8楼817室 电话分机776792 E-mail: gehl@shsmu.edu.cn;课程涉及主要内容 参考书籍和引用文献 肿瘤与免疫 肿瘤免疫学的发展简史 癌基因理论;一、细胞癌变的生物学特征和相关机制二、肿瘤抗原三、机体抗肿瘤的免疫机制四、肿瘤的免疫逃逸机制五、肿瘤标志物六、肿瘤的免疫治疗七、肿瘤的基因治疗八、肿瘤免疫学常用实验技术;主要参考书和引用文献; 肿瘤是一群失去正常生长调控机制、发生恶性转化、增殖的自身细胞。 肿瘤免疫学(tumor immunology)是研究肿瘤的免疫原性、对肿瘤的免疫应答和效应机制、机体的免疫功能与肿瘤发生发展的相互关系，以及肿瘤的免疫诊断和免疫防治的科学。;;;;肿瘤免疫学的发展简史;1970-1990年,学科交叉、实验技术发展，人们相继发现一系列TAA和TSA、肿瘤抗原刺激机体免疫应答以及单克隆技术应用等实验证据，明确了机体肿瘤免疫监视存在的重要作用。（1972年Huebner和Todaro提出 oncogene theory）。◆1995年，陆续发现DC能够递呈肿瘤抗原肽并诱发肿瘤特异性T细胞免疫。在免疫缺陷性基因敲除鼠（RAG-/-、STAT1-/-、perforin-/-、IFN-γ-/-等）中，致癌物诱发的肿瘤比例明显增高。◆2000年以来的研究结果明确显示，固有免疫系统（M?、NK、NKT、??T等）在肿瘤免疫监视中起着重要作用，以及与适应性免疫的相互关系。DC为平台的肿瘤疫苗、人源化抗体的肿瘤治疗等取得很大进展。◆2002年Dunn和Schreiber提出了免疫编辑理论，对肿瘤免疫监视学说的完善和发展。◆近10年来，免疫调节、肿瘤微环境对肿瘤发生、发展的影响作用越来越受到人们的重视。;Cancer incidence increases with age. The incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age in a human population from the age of ~40 to -80, when it plateaus. Immediately this suggests that cancer is the result of the occurrence of a series of independent events.;By comparing cancer cells with normal cells, we can identify genes that have been changed by mutation. Those that have direct effects on the generation of a cancer can be divided into oncogenes (where a mutation has activated a gene whose function contributes to the tumorigenic state)and tumor suppressors (where a mutation has inactivated a gene whose function antagonizes the tumorigenic state). In most cases, a cancer arises because a series of mutations have accumulated in a somatic cell, activating oncogenes and/or inactivating tumor suppressors. Genetic diversity in the population means that each individual may have a different set of alleles at these loci. Natural selection acts to eliminate alleles in the germline that contribute to cancer formation. However, there are some rare hereditary diseases that are caused by such alleles. In these cases, the affected individua