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Cambridge; In England two schools of higher education were established, the first was at Oxford and the second at Cambridge, at the end of the 12th century. By the 1220s these two universities were the intellectual leaders of the country. ;; Oxford is a city and local government discrict in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). It is the home of the University of Oxford, the Christ Church Cathedral and the Town Hall. ;Oxford in the past: the city;1201:the head of the University was named a chancellor. 1231:the new name:‘universitas’ of the institution In the mid-13th century: religious orders settled in Oxford which maintained houses for students Soon collages were established 1250s:Balliol and Merton Colleges were established. (They are the oldest.) In 1530, Henry VIII forced the University to accept his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. 1642-1649 English Civil War: the university was the centre of the Royalist Party. Oliver Cromwell (chancellor from 1650 to 1657) prevented Oxford and Cambridge from being closed down by the Puritans.;In the 18th century Oxford was era of scientific discovery and religious revival. Religious controversy -John Henry Newman, became a Roman Catholic in 1845 and was later made a Cardinal. (Anglican Church-Roman Catholic) From 1878, academic halls were established for women, who became members of the University in 1920. Since 1974, all but one of Oxfords 39 colleges have changed their statutes to admit both men and women. St Hildas remains the only womens college. Oxfords second university, Oxford Brookes University, formerly the Oxford School of Art, based on Headington Hill, was given its charter in 1991 and has been voted for the last five years the best new university in the UK. ; What did the students learn in the Middle Ages? Grammar,Rhetoric,LogicAstronomy,Arithmetich,Music, Geometry and Latin. Few could go to the universities. Most English people spoke neither Latin (the language