《经济学原理·曼昆·第3版》第1章.pptVIP

;引子（七个经济学问题）;学习经济学的目的;Principles of Economics by N. Gregory Mankiw;教材介绍（部分书评）;Ten Principles of Economics;在本章中，你将：;在实现这些目的后，你应该能:;Economy. . . ;Society and Scarce Resources:;Economics;补充定义：;经济学研究的大致历程;Economists study. . . ;Ten Principles of Economics;Ten Principles of Economics;Ten Principles of Economics;1. People face tradeoffs.;1. 人们面临权衡取舍;“造出的每一支枪，下水的每一艘军舰，发射的每一枚火箭，都意味着对于那些忍饥挨饿的人们的一种偷盗”。 ——艾森豪威尔 ;Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。;在经济学中我们这样讲，在不会使其他人的境况变坏的前提条件下，一项经济活动如果不再有可能增进任何人的经济福利，那么，该经济活动就被认为是有效率的。 补充知识： 帕累托改进（Pareto Improvement） 帕累托最优（Pareto efficiency）;Vilfredo Pareto;经济学上的观点大致有三种： 特定条件下平均分配叫公平 机会均等叫公平 收入的合理差距叫公平 跳出经济学的领域（厉以宁的观点）： 公平来自认同 ;2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it.;2.某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西——机会成本 ;3. Rational people think at the margin.理性人考虑边际量;案例：为什么航空公司能够提供特价票？;例 题;4. People respond to incentives 人们会对激励做出反应;LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight to the NBA from high school when offered a $10 million contract.;公共决策者不应该忘记激励;5. Trade can make everyone better off.贸易能使每个人的状况更好;6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 ;市场经济的定义;亚当?斯密：微观经济学的奠基人;It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. . . . Every individual . . Neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. . . . He intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. ——《The Wealth of Nati