Chap20宏观经济学曼昆.pptVIP

8 SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS 短期经济波动;20;本章我们将探索这些问题的答案：;Short-Run Economic Fluctuations;短期经济波动;Short-Run Economic Fluctuations短期经济波动;20.1 THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS;20.1 关于经济波动的三个事实;Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations;图1. 观察短期经济波动;Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together 大多数宏观经济变量一起波动. Most macroeconomic variables that measure some type of income or production fluctuate closely together 大多数衡量某种收入或产出的宏观经济变量同时波动. Although many macroeconomic variables fluctuate together, they fluctuate by different amounts 尽管很多宏观经济变量一起波动，但是它们波动的大小并不同.;Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations;图1. 观察短期经济波动;As output falls, unemployment rises 随着产量减少，失业增加. Changes in real GDP are inversely related to changes in the unemployment rate 实际GDP的变化与失业率的变化是反向相关的. During times of recession, unemployment rises substantially 在衰退期间，失业率大幅上升.;Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations;图1. 观察短期经济波动;20.2 EXPLAINING SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS;20.2 解释短期经济波动;The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations;经济波动的基本模型;(3)The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations经济波动的基本模型;The aggregate-demand curve shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at each price level. 总需求曲线——一条表示在每一种物价水平时家庭、企业和政府想要购买的物品与劳务量的曲线。 The aggregate-supply curve shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level. 总供给曲线——一条表示在每一种物价水平下企业选择生产并销售的物品与劳务量的曲线。;Figure 2 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply...;图2. 总需求与总供给 …;20.3 The Aggregate Demand Curve总需求曲线;Figure 3 The Aggregate-Demand Curve...;图3. 总需求曲线…;20.3.1 Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping为什么总需求曲线向右下方倾斜;（1）The Price Level and Consumption: The Wealth Effect 物价水平与消费: 财富效应 A decrease in the price level makes consumers feel more wealthy, which in turn encourages them to spend more.物价水平下降使消费者感到更富裕，这又鼓励他们更多地支出。 This increase in consumer spending means larger quantities of goods and services deman