皇家园林翻译汇.docVIP

皇家园林 皇家园林规模宏大，常以自然山水改造成宫苑，建筑物风格浑厚雄伟，富于宫廷气派。由于明清时期是中国园林建筑走向成熟的时代，两代又皆定都北京，因此北京及其附近是中国皇家园林最为集中的地方。 清代从康熙时代起，即兴起皇家园林的修筑，至乾隆时期达到高潮。乾隆时期新建、扩大的大小园林面积计约一千五六百公顷之多，其规模之宏大，内容之丰富，是中国历史上所罕见的。 Royal Gardens On a grand scale, royal gardens are reconstructed from natural landscapes. These architectures are bestowed with the magnificent style which makes them look like gorgeous palaces. For the development of Chinese landscape architecture reached the climax in the Ming and Qing Dynasty when Beijing was also chosen as the capital, Beijing and areas around became the main destination of Chinese royal gardens. The construction of royal gardens rose in the era When Kangxi dominated the Qing Dynasty as the third emperor, and witnessed the climax when Qianlong became the next emperor. During the period dominated by Qianlong, the total area of those new and expanded gardens amounted to about more than 1500 or 1600 hectares. The large scale and rich content have become unprecedented in China’s history. 清代建设的北京皇家园林除了紫禁城西苑（今北海公园和中南海）外，主要分布于北京西北郊和承德两地。无论就其规模或内容而言，均足以代表有清一代宫廷造园艺术的精华。北京西北郊的主要园林包括清漪园（颐和园前身）、圆明园、长春园、绮春园、畅春园等，总称“三山五园”（图57）。其中圆明、长春、绮春和称“圆明三园”，在乾、嘉时期达到全盛，总面积共一百二十三处。咸丰十年（1860年）英法联军劫掠焚毁之后，园内主要景物已荡然无存。但其遗址及水系、堆山等得以保留，仍为今天京郊可游之处。 Apart from the Xiyuan of the Forbidden City (Beihai park and Zhongnanhai today), Beijing’s royal gardens constructed in the Qing Dynasty were mainly distributed in the northwest of Beijing and Chengde city. Both the scale and content can stand for the essence of the art of palace gardening in Qing Dynasty. Royal gardens situated in the northwest Beijing include the Garden of Clear Ripples (Former Summer Palace), the Garden of Perfect Brightness Proper, the Garden of Eternal Spring, the Garden of Elegant Spring, the Garden of Everlasting Spring and so on, which can be generally called “Three Hills and Five Gardens”.(see picture 57) The three gardens of the Old Palace were expanded to 123 sites in the period dominated by Qianlong and Jiaqing. At the tenth year i