第3章单烯烃[6学时]修改版.pptVIP

第三章 单烯烃 Chapter 3 Alkenes (6 hours);Classification of Olefines 烯烃的种类 ;Contents;Calculating the Degree of Unsaturation（不饱和度）;§3.1? Structure of Alkenes;碳原子的SP2杂化; SP2 轨道与P轨道的关系;乙烯分子的形成;Bonding in Ethylene; π molecular orbitals ;π键的特点;The πbond must break for rotation to take place around a carbon-carbon double bond;3.1.2 烯烃的结构特征;3-D Molecules:;Cis and trans isomers can be interconverted;3.1.3 Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes;The requirement for cis-trans isomerism in alkenes;3.2.1 烯烃的同分异构现象;1)构造异构 （Constitution isomerism）?????;产生顺反异构体的条件： 构成双键的任何一个碳原子上所连的两个基团要不相同。 必要条件：双键 充分条件：连接基团不同;1. Common name;2 . Systematic Nomenclature of Alkenes;顺反异构体的命名;Cis-trans naming system;2) E,Z Designation and Sequence Rules; 分别按“次序规则”比较两个双键碳原子上的取代基团，定出较优基团，如果两个双键碳上的较优基团位于双键的同侧，则为Z构型，反之为E构型。 ;2) E, Z Designation and Sequence Rules;Sequence Rules:;2. If a decision can’t be reached by ranking the first atoms in the substituent, look at the second, third, or fourth atoms away from the double-bond carbons until the first different is found.;3. Multiple-bonded atoms are equivalent to the same number of single-bonded atoms. ;;(Z)-3-甲基-4-异丙基-3-庚烯 ;(E)-3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene;CH3CH=CH－ 1-丙烯基 1-propenyl;二 亚基;随分子量的增加而升高； ;碳链相同，双键向中间移动沸点升高； ;-138.9 ;５ Solubility 溶解度 ;非常活泼C=C;3.4 The Chemical Properties of Alkenes烯烃的化学性质;; 一、烯烃的亲电加成反应 ;These are electrophiles because they can accept a pair of electrons;1. Electrophilic Addition of HX to Alkenes;The reaction occurs in two steps and involves electrophile- nucleophile interaction. ;Reaction progress;3) Markovnikov’s Rule:; Regioselective reaction is a reaction in which two isomeric products could be obtained, but one predominates.;The reason for Markovnikov’s rule:;Progress of carbocation formation;Summary:;Carbocation structure and stability;Tertiary (3o) Secondary (2o) Primary (1o) Methyl R3C+ R2CH+ RCH2+ CH3+;The reasons for Carbocation’s stability;Delocalization of Electrons 电子的超共轭效应;The Resta