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SolubleSodium(Na)Scales.PDF
3.3-1
EVAPORATOR FOULING
David T. Clay, Ph.D.
Senior Process Consultant
Jacobs Engineering
5005 SW Meadows Road, Suite 100
Lake Oswego, OR 97035
INTRODUCTION
Slide 1 and Slide 2 contain the title and outline of the talk.
Slide 3 shows the locations of an evaporator set where
fouling occurs due to various mechanisms.
Slide 3
Locations of Evaporator Fouling
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fiber clumps Fiber mats
AQ (vapor side)
Soluble Na scales
Insoluble Ca scale
Lignin precipitation
Soap fouling
Aluminosilicate
EVAPORATOR SCALING AND FOULING
MECHNISMS
The characteristics of soluble sodium salt scales are
presented in Slide 4. Black liquor contains sodium, Na+,
sulfate, SO4=, and carbonate, CO3=. As liquor dry solids
increase, the concentration of these materials also
increases, until their solubility limit is exceeded [1]. Salts
then crystallize from the liquor and can deposit on the heat
transfer surfaces of the evaporator. The scale produced
eventually reduces the rate of heat transfer and
evaporation in the effect. These sodium scale deposits are
soluble in water or weak black liquor so they can be
removed by boiling out the effect.
Slide 4
Soluble Sodium (Na) Scales
• BL contains about 35% dissolved salts
• Salts can precipitate as scale in evaporators
• Na+, SO4= and CO3= cause scaling
• Scale composition mostly Na2SO4 and Na2CO3
• Appear brown, grainy, dense, and hard
– Deposit samples dissolve in hot water
• Can be removed by boiling out
Two different types of sodium salt scales have been
identified in black liquor evaporators. One is a sulfate-
rich compound called burkeite. Burkeite is a double salt
that contains approximately 2 moles of Na2SO4 and one
mole of Na2CO3. The other is a carbonate-rich compound
that contains approximately 2 moles of Na2CO3 and one
mole of Na2SO4. It is referred to as dicarbonate [1]. The
compositions of each of these two compounds can vary.
The scales produced when they crystalliz
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