语言学问答题精选新.docVIP

Qs: 1. How do you understand the definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Linguistics investigates not any particular language, but languages in general. Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of authentic(可靠的，真实的) language data. No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things: observing the way language is actually used, formulating some hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity. 2. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 　1) Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. 　2) Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. 　3) Thirdly, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 3. Why is speech considered as the primary medium of human language? 1.First, speech precedes writing. The writing system is always a later invention used to record the speech. There are still some languages that only have the spoken form. 2.Then, a larger amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. 3.Third, speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 4. What’s the difference between langue and parole? Langue: the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. Parole: the realization of langue in actual use. 但索氏语言（Langue）乃一抽象语言系统，他的言语（Parole）指日常语言，两者均为结构语言学研究对象。海德格尔言谈，则与逻各斯古意相通。 5. What’s the difference between competence and performance? Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language While Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication(语言能力和语言行为) it makes the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. 6. What’s the difference between