工程材料与零件成形基础.ppt

工程材料与零件成形基础  Engineering Materials and Part Forming Technology  绪 论 Preface; 第一章 工程材料的性能;三、硬度 Hardness: capability of a material to withstand indentation by a harder body. 1.布氏硬度 特点：精确，操作较繁 Brinell hardness (HB) (S: hardened steel; W: cemented carbide) The surface of the material is indented by a hardened steel ball (diameter 10 mm) under a known load and the average diameter of the impression measured with a low-power microscope. The HB is the ratio of the load to the contact surface area of the indentation and the Brinell number can be calculated by the equation. 2. 洛氏硬度 特点：精确度不及布氏，操作简单 Rockwell hardness HRC(A、B) Indenting the test material with a diamond cone(120o) or hardened steel ball indenter( for Rockwell B scale). After a known load applied and then removed, the dial gauge records the depth of the impression in terms of Rockwell numbers. ; ;二、晶体结构 Crystalline structure Crystalline material: Atoms situated in a repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances. Properties of crystalline solids partially depend on the crystal structure Crystal structure: Being composed of lattices exhibiting long-range order and symmetry, which are arrays of points repeating periodically in three dimensions. 1、概念 晶格 Lattice: Three-dimensional array of points coinciding with atom positions 晶胞 Unit cell: The basic structural unit of the crystal structure 晶格常数 Lattice parameters: The lengths of the edges of a unit cell and the angles between them ;3、同素异构转变（相变应力) Allotropy is the phenomenon of an element having different crystal lattices depending on the particular temperature and pressure. It is reversible. Nevertheless, graphite and diamond both are made of carbon, but they cannot be transformed each other, which is polymorphism 4 晶向与晶面指数 4.1晶向指数 Miller indices for atomic di