Module3TheviolenceofnaturePeriodFour　Grammar：Linkwords课件（外研版必修3）.ppt

过去完成时的被动语态 构成 had＋ been＋过去分词;用法 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的被动动作。该动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，这一过去时间可用by，at，before等构成的短语或when，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文来表示。 The project had been completed by the end of 1990. 这项工程已于1990年底竣工。 The classroom had been cleaned before we came. 我们来之前，教室已被打扫干净。;表示从过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的被动动作，该动作可能还要延续下去，常和for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。 The sale had been advertised for several weeks. 这场拍卖会已经做了好几个星期的广告。 Much work had been done since she arrived here. 自她抵达这里后做了许多工作。 ;用在含有被动形式的间接引语或宾语从句中，常放在像said，told, thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作之前已经发生的动作。 My classmate told me that he had been punished by his teacher.我同学告诉我他已经受到了老师的惩罚。 We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash. 我们都以为他在飞机失事中丧生了。 ;【单项填空】 1．On hearing the news that her lost daughter________，the excited mother burst into tears. A．were found B．has been found C．would be found D．had been found 解析 句意：一听到丢失的女儿被找到了这个消息，兴奋的妈妈大哭起来。过去完成时表示到过去某个时间为止已经发生或完成的动作或行为。 答案　D;Alice had to wait outside her house until her husband________，because she________her keys in the office. A．returned；left B．will return；left C．returned；had left D．returns；left 解析　在until引导的时间状语从句中，用一般时代替将来时，此处用一般过去时；“忘钥匙”发生在“不得不等”之前，用过去完成时。 答案　C;Ⅱ.直接引语和间接引语 直接引述别人的原话，叫作直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话叫作间接引语。直接引语如改为间接引语，必须在语序、人称、时态和状语方面作相应变化。;句型变化 陈述句 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导(that在口语中常省略)。 “I will never forget this interesting lesson，”said Paul. “我永远不会忘记这有趣的一课，”保罗说。 →Paul said that he would never forget that interesting lesson.保罗说他永远不会忘记那有趣的一课。;疑问句 直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序(主语在谓语前面)，句末用句号，主语的人称、时态和状语也要作相应的变化。 (1)一般疑问句：直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether或if引导。主句中的谓语动词是said时，要改为asked。没有间接宾语的，可以加一个间接宾语(me，him或us等)。 He said，“Can you speak French？” →He asked me if/whether I could speak French. He said，“Did you see me last night？” →He asked (me) whether/if I had seen him the night before.;(2)特殊疑问句：直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。 “Where do you usually have lunch？” he asked me. →He asked me where I usually had lunch. (3)选择疑问句：直接引