Population dynamics and population growth.pptVIP

Hongfeng Zhang 2013.11.28;Population Dynamics(种群动态);Patterns of survival（生存模型）;The first and most reliable way is to identify a large number of individuals that are born at about the same time and keep records on them from birth to death. A second way to estimate patterns of survival in wild populations is to record the age at death of a large number of individuals . A third way of determining patterns of survival is from the age distribution .;High Survival Among the Young（幼龄个体的高生存率）;High rates of survival among the young and middleaged in plant and rotifer populations ;Constant Rates of Survival （恒定速率的生存率） The survivorship curves of many species are nearly straight lines. In these populations, individuals die al approximately the same rate throughout life. This pattern of survival has been commonly observed in birds ;High Mortality Among the Young（幼龄个体高死亡率）;Three Types of Survivorship Curves;Age distribution（年龄分布） The age distribution of a population reflects its history of survival, reproduction, and potential for future growth. Age distributions indicate periods of successful reproduction, periods of high and low survival, and whether the older individuals in a population are replacing themselves or if the population is declining. By studying the history of a population, population ecologists can make predictions about its future.;Stable and Declining Tree Populations;A Dynamic Population in a Variable Climate;A life table combined with a fecundity schedule can be used to estimate net reproductive rate （Ro ）， geometric rate of increase （λ ）， generation time (T), and per capita rate of increase （r）. In practice, the ecologist counts the number of eggs produced by birds or reptiles, the number of fawns produced by deer, or the number of seeds or sprouts produced by plants. The numbers of offspring produced by parents of different ages are then tabulated. The tabulation of birthrates for females of different ages in a population is called a fecundity schedu