PPT汇总(辅修)(2创新014).ppt

An Introduction to International Trade国际贸易概论;;;;Chapter 1: Introduction;Basic Concepts in International Trade;;;;;;;;;;;;;Types of International Trade;;;;;;;Theories of International Trade;Mercantilism （重商主义）;;Absolute Advantage （绝对优势理论）;;Comparative Advantage （比较优势理论）;;;;;Factor Endowment Theory（要素禀赋理论，H-O理论）;;Leontief Paradox （里昂惕夫之谜）;美国是资本相对丰富、劳动相对稀缺的国家，理所当然应出口资本密集型商品，进口劳动密集型商品。但是二战后，美国经济学家里昂惕夫运用投入产出方法，对美国经济统计资料进行验证的结果却与H-O理论预测相悖。 解释：劳动熟练说（Skilled Labor Theory） 熟练劳动、非熟练劳动 里昂惕夫认为，“谜”的产生可能是由于美国工人的劳动效率比其他国家工人高所造成的。他认为美国工人的劳动生产率大约是其他国家工人的三倍。因此，在劳动以效率单位衡量的条件下，美国就成为劳动要素相对丰富、资本要素相对稀缺的国家。这是他本人对这个“谜”的解释。为什么美国工人的劳动效率比其他国家高呢？他说这是由于美国企业管理水平较高、工人所受的教育和培训较多、较好，以及美国工人进取精神较强的结果。这些论点，可以看作是熟练劳动或人类技能说的雏形。 正是由于美国在技术要求相对较高的产业中具有国际比较优势，才致使美国各行业的“出口/总产量比率”同该行业就业人员的劳动技能高低呈现正相关的关系，进而导致美国作为一个高技能劳动要素相对丰裕，而低技能劳动要素相对稀缺的国家，大量出口其具有比较优势的高技能劳动密集型商品，进口低技能劳动密集型商品。美国的对外贸易结构和商品流向同要素禀赋理论的基本原理并没有矛盾。;Product Life-Cycle Theory（产品生命周期理论）;;;;New trade theory suggests that the ability of firms to gain economies of scale (unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output) can have important implications for international trade. Countries may specialize in the production and export of particular products because in certain industries, the world market can only support a limited number of firms. New trade theory emerged in the 1980s. Paul Krugman won the Nobel prize for his work in 2008.;Through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goods. Without trade, nations might not be able to produce those products where economies of scale are important. With trade, markets are large enough to support the production necessary to achieve economies of scale. so, trade is mutually beneficial because it allows for the specialization of production, the realization of scale economies, and the production of a greater variety of products at lower prices.;In those industries when output required to attain economies