欧洲文化入门 ( 三 ).ppt

欧洲文化入门(三) The Middle Ages 中世纪; ;;;;General Introduction;Age of Faith;II. Manor（庄园） and Church; ;C. Knighthood Code of Chivalry;;Code of Chivalry骑士的信条;2. The church Center of daily life place of worship place for recreation center of trade center of community activity;Trinity三位一体; The Organization of Church;The Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church (1054);b. Church Father and Early Monasticism（隐修院制度）;Augustine of Hippo (北非希波主教奥古斯丁，神学界的旷世奇才）;C.The Power and influence of the Catholic Church; 3. The Crusades （十字军东征） (1096-1291);The Effect;从东到西;III. Learning and Science;What is Carolingian Renaissance? 什么是“卡洛琳复兴”？ Charlemagne encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books. Because the scribes performed their task well, few of the ancient classics that had survived until that time were ever lost. The result of his efforts is usually called the “Carolingian Renaissance”. The most interesting fact of this minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 查理曼建造寺院学校，鼓励、支持学者做学问，并让抄写员抄录各种古籍书刊。由于抄写员们工作非常努力，因此，当时的古典书籍几乎都被保存了下来。他所做出的这些贡献被称之为“卡洛琳复兴”。在这一小规模的复兴—卡洛琳复兴中，法兰克或日尔曼国家吸收了罗马古典文化和希伯来基督文化的财富。;2. Alfred the Great and Wessex Center of Learning 阿尔弗雷德大帝;3. St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism（经院哲学）;Aquinas 阿奎那;4. Roger Bacon and Experimental Science;Experimental Science（实验科学）;IV. Literature;Beowulf《贝奥武甫》; 史诗《贝奥武甫》主要描写了古叶亚特某国王的侄子，贝奥武甫的三次英勇战绩。他初次与怪兽格兰德尔相搏，重创怪兽；继而又与其母在水下搏击，使巨剑亦杀其母。然后载誉而归，统治国家达５０年之久。其后，一喷火伤人的巨龙出现，贝奥武甫拼其残年余力，为民杀龙除害后死去。 《贝奥武甫》反映了氏族部落社会的价值观念。对武士们来说,最高的美德是忠诚和勇敢，忠于国王,也就是忠于集体。武士们凭着勇敢来实现自我完善。虽然人们相信命运,但是勇敢的人也会战胜命运。一个勇敢的战士在最终被命运战胜以前,必须作出最英勇的事迹。这些事迹将使他永远活在后世人们的记忆里，这样他就获得了永生，成为永垂不朽的英雄。这些氏族部落社会的观念是异教的，非基督教的。 但也有人认为这首诗是表现善恶斗争的基督教作品。格兰德尔是该隐的后代，它和它的水怪母亲代表邪恶，贝奥武甫战胜它们即善战胜了恶。火龙在教