第十章 轴综述.ppt

第十章 Shafts and axles 轴 §10-1 General considerations概述 Types 分类 The main design problems 轴设计主要问题 二、 The main design problems 轴设计主要问题 1、 Vibration stability calculations 关于振动稳定性计算 2、 Rigidity calculations 关于轴的刚度计算 3、Selection of the shaft materials 关于轴的材料选择 ① Common carbon steels: Q235～Q275 For light load shafts 普通碳素钢：不重要或者受力较小轴 ② Good-quality carbon steels: 45、50 For common shaft (structural improvement,normalization) 优质碳素钢 一般 （ 正火 ） 2） Alloy steels 合金钢  3） Cast iron ★Modulus of elasticity of the steels is not nearly depend on their grades and heat treatments. Changes of the grades and heat treatments of steels are invalid to increase of the rigidity of the shaft.( effective methods are increase of the diameter and decrease of the length of the shaft. 钢种和热处理对弹性模量影响很小，对增大轴刚度无效（增大轴径、减小跨距） ★Alloy steels have high strength, but they have high susceptibility to stress concentration. When surfaces of the shafts are roughly machined or their structures are not reasonably designed, the endurance limit of alloy steels turns out to be no higher than that of ordinary medium-carbon steels. 合金钢强度高，但对应力集中敏感，如果结构上和表面上不注意，轴强度得不到改善 §10－2 Structural design 结构设计 二、 Influencing factors on structural design结构设计的影响因素 2） Decrease stress concentration 减小应力集中 3） Improvement of the force conditions 改善受力状态 §10－3 Strength check for the shafts  轴的强度校核 1、Bending and torsion moment diagrams are constructed. And dangerous cross sections are determined. 绘制弯矩扭矩（MT）图，确定危险截面 2、 Strength check 强度校核 Usually, shafts bear bending moment and torque. Hence, according to the maximum shear theory of failure, we can obtain strength calculation formula of the shafts. 轴一般是弯矩和扭矩联合作用，根据 第3强度理论（τmax理论）进行计算： 1） Equivalent stress 当量应力 2） Rotating shaft results in stress change 轴转动，导致应力变化 Bending stress change in common transmission shafts: 一般转轴弯曲应力σb的变化规律： Strength condition 强度条件： 材质均匀、载荷与