地球科学概论》（双语-科学网—博客.ppt

Chapter 4 Magmatism and Igneous Rocks Hornito（熔岩丘，熔岩锥）is a small rootless spatter cone（寄生熔岩锥）that forms on the surface of a basaltic lava flow (usually pahoehoe) is called a hornito. A hornito develops when lava is forced up through an opening in the cooled surface of a flow and then accumulates around the opening. Typically, hornitos are steep sided and form conspicuous（显著的）pinnacles（小尖塔）or stacks（烟囱）(Fig. 4.17). They are rootless because they are fed by lava from the underlying flow instead of coming from a deeper magma conduit（管道）. A hornito cone atop the surface of the lava flow, Wudalianchi, Heilongjiang, China (Left—side view; right—top view. Photos by Hongbo Lu on Sept. 12, 2004) Hornito 熔岩丘 Fumarole 喷气孔 (/Products/Pglossary/fumarole.html ) Fumaroles（喷气孔）are vents from which volcanic gas escapes into the atmosphere (Fig. 4.18). Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks or long fissures, in chaotic clusters or fields, and on the surfaces of lava flows and thick deposits of pyroclastic flows. They may persist for decades or centuries if they are above a persistent heat source or disappear within weeks to months if they occur atop a fresh volcanic deposit that quickly cools. Fig. 4.18 Close view of a fumarole on Kilauea Volcano: Elemental sulfur vapor escaping from the fumarole has cooled to form yellow-colored crystals around its margins (Photo by R.L. Christiansenon） Distribution of active volcanoes in the world世界活火山的分布 More than 500 active volcanoes are distributed along the following four belts: Peri-Pacific-Ocean belt (fire ring): at subduction zone between continents and the ocean. Oceanic ridges: at divergent zone in oceans. Mediterranean—Indonesian belt: collision belt between continents. Red Sea—East African Rift: divergent zone in the continent. Fig.4.19 A world map showing plate boundaries (blue lines), the distribution of recent earthquakes (yellow dots) and active volcanoes (red triangles). (Adopted from /how_volcanoes_work/Volcano_tectonic.htm