Rasterelektronenmikroskopie-uni.pptVIP

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Rasterelektronenmikroskopie-uni.ppt

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Rasterelektronenmikroskopie-uni

Hypoeutectoid Steels (CC0.76%)(? hypereutectoid) Hypoeutectoid Steels (CC0.76%)(? hypereutectoid) Hypo-Eutectoid Transformation Eutectoid Transformation: Pearlite Phase Transformation PearliteFormation -IsothermalTransformation Alteration in Microstructurecontinuous cooling transformation (CCT) Bainite Formation Martensite Formation Martensite Formation Heat Treatment – Mechanical Properties Mechanical Properties Tempered Martensite Tempered Martensite Strengthening Mechanisms in Metals Recovery and Recrystallization Recrystallization Temperature Strengthening Mechanisms in Metals Precipitation Hardening * * dark pearlite: lamellae of Fe3C and ferrite light a ferrite Ck45Cc=0.45% dark pearlite: light a ferrite Ck15Cc=0.15% Austenite two-phase regime: precipitation of ferrite (cC0.02%) = Austenite cC c0=0.76 Ferrite + Pearlite not instantaneously!! - f(time) T=727°C diffusion: C into Fe3C lamellae diffusion: C into Fe3C lamellae log time t fraction of transformation y nucleation (e.g. at phase/grain boundaries) growth (volume of parent phase disappears) y=1-exp (-ktn) kinetics: (Avrami equation) r=A exp (-Q/RT) Arrhenius relationship: thermally activated processes rate r: r=1/t0.5 fraction of transformation y time [s] temperature [°C] time [s] equilibrium according to Fe-C phase diagram (even normal cooling: 10-20K below equlilibrium) rapid cooling to 675°C isothermal pearlite formation isothermal transformation diagram / time temperature transformation: TTT plot Austenite Pearlite coarse pearlite slow cooling fine pearlite fast cooling equilibrium: lower T = shorter diffusion paths! Austenite Pearlite pearlite bainite pearlite formation: increasing thermodynamic driving force faster reaction coarse = fine pearlite bainite formation: lower T: decreasing C diffusivity very fine Fe3C needles in a ferrite pearlite bainite very fast cooling to RT (no intersection with transformation “ nose“) C diffusion becomes extremely slow - negligible!!