Aphotic N2 Fixation in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific Ocean.docVIP

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Aphotic N2 Fixation in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific Ocean.doc

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Aphotic N2 Fixation in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific Ocean

AphoticN2FixationintheEasternTropicalSouthPacific Ocean SophieBonnet1*,JulienDekaezemacker1¤,KendraA.Turk-Kubo2,ThierryMoutin1, RobertM.Hamersley3,OlivierGrosso1,JonathanP.Zehr2,DouglasG.Capone4 1MediterraneanInstituteofOceanography,InstitutdeRecherchepourleDe′veloppement,AixMarseilleUniversite′,CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifiqueMarseille/ Noumea,NewCaledonia,France,2DepartmentofOceanSciences,UniversityofCaliforniaSantaCruz,SantaCruz,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3Environmental Studies,SokaUniversityofAmerica,AlisoViejo,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles, California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract WeexaminedratesofN2fixationfromthesurfaceto2000mdepthintheEasternTropicalSouthPacific(ETSP)duringEl Nin?o(2010)andLaNin?a(2011).Replicatedverticalprofilesperformedunderoxygen-freeconditionsshowthatN2fixation takesplacebothineuphoticandaphoticwaters,withratesreaching155to509mmolNm22d21in2010and24614to 118687 mmol N m (,1.00nmolNL 22 21 d in 2011. In the aphotic layers, volumetric N2 fixation rates were relatively low 21 21 d ), but when integrated over the whole aphotic layer, they accounted for 87–90% of total rates (euphotic+aphotic)forthetwocruises.Phylogeneticstudiesperformedinmicrocosmsexperimentsconfirmthepresenceof diazotrophs in the deep waters of the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ), which were comprised of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophsaffiliatedwithnifHclusters1K(predominantlycomprisedofa-proteobacteria),1G(predominantlycomprisedof c-proteobacteria), and 3 (sulfate reducing genera of the d-proteobacteria and Clostridium spp., Vibrio spp.). Organic and inorganicnutrientadditionbioassaysrevealedthataminoacidssignificantlystimulatedN2fixationinthecoreoftheOMZat allstationstestedandasdidsimplecarbohydratesatstationslocatednearestthecoastofPeru/Chile.Theepisodicsupplyof thesesubstratesfromupperlayersarehypothesizedtoexplaintheobservedvariabilityofN2fixationintheETSP. Citation:BonnetS,Deka