Bacteria Contribute to Sediment Nutrient Release and Reflect Progressed Eutrophication-Driven Hypoxia in an Organic-Rich Continental Sea.docVIP

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Bacteria Contribute to Sediment Nutrient Release and Reflect Progressed Eutrophication-Driven Hypoxia in an Organic-Rich Continental Sea.doc

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Bacteria Contribute to Sediment Nutrient Release and Reflect Progressed Eutrophication-Driven Hypoxia in an Organic-Rich Continental Sea

BacteriaContributetoSedimentNutrientReleaseand ReflectProgressedEutrophication-DrivenHypoxiainan Organic-RichContinentalSea HannaSinkko1,KaarinaLukkari2,LeilaM.Sihvonen1,3,KaarinaSivonen1*,MirjaLeivuori4, MatiasRantanen5,LarsPaulin5,ChristinaLyra1 1DepartmentofFoodandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,Finland, 2MarineResearchCentre,FinnishEnvironmentInstitute,Helsinki,Finland, 3National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, 4Reference Laboratory, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland, 5Institute of Biotechnology, UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,Finland Abstract Inthesedimentalorganicmatterofeutrophiccontinentalseas,suchasthelargestdeadzoneintheworld,theBalticSea, bacteriamaydirectlyparticipateinnutrientreleasebymineralizingorganicmatterorindirectlybyalteringthesediment’s abilitytoretainnutrients.Here,wepresentacasestudyofahypoxicsea,whichreceivesriverinenutrientloadingandin which microbe-mediated vicious cycles of nutrients prevail. We showed that bacterial communities changed along the horizontalloadingandverticalmineralizationgradientsintheGulfofFinlandoftheBalticSea,usingmultivariatestatisticsof terminalrestrictionfragmentsandsedimentchemical,spatialandotherpropertiesofthesamplingsites.Thechangewas mainlyexplainedbyconcentrationsoforganiccarbon,nitrogenandphosphorus,whichshowedstrongpositivecorrelation with Flavobacteria, Sphingobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. These bacteria predominated in the mostorganic-richcoastalsurfacesedimentsoverlainbyoxicbottomwater,whereassulphate-reducingbacteria,particularly thegenusDesulfobacula,prevailedinthereducedorganic-richsurfacesedimentsintheopensea.Theycorrelatedpositively withorganicnitrogenandphosphorus,aswellasmanganeseoxides.Theserelationshipssuggestthatthebacterialgroups participated in the aerobic and anaerobic degradation of organic matter and contributed to nutrient cycling. The high abundanceofsulphatereducersinthesurficialsedimentlayersreflectst