Linguisticschapter211.15范例.ppt

Task Minimal pair test: Look at the following pairs of words, try to identify the phonemes in English? and explain why. Seed [si:d] / deem [di:m] Soup [su:p] / seem [si:m] Wood [wu:d] / foot [fu:t] Sky [skai] / skip [skip] e.g. “feat, fit, fat, fate, fight, foot” {pig, big}; {tip, dip}; {ship, sheep}; {said, says: set, sell}; {pat: bat: mat}. Phonetic similarity: the allophones of the same phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance. Complementary distribution: the allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning, and never occur in the same context. Allophones Two requirements for phones to fall into the same phoneme: 1) allophones of the same phoneme should be in complementary distribution. 2) they must bear phonetic similarity. Complementary Distribution 互补分布 Tell the differences among the following transcriptions Group 1 Group 2 Group3 Pat [p??t] Spat [sp?t] tap [t?p?] Pit [p?it] Spit [spit] tip [tip? Pot [p??t] Spot [sp?t] top [top?] /p/ [p?] when it occurs at the beginning of a word [p] [p? ] when it occurs at the The above rules are called as phonological rules which describe the regular variation of the phoneme /p/in different phonetic contexts. Different from Contrastive distribution, the three forms of phoneme /p/ never appear at the same place in words, they are in complementary distribution Free variation (自由变体） Two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast words in meaning, but merely a different pronunciation of the same words, they are said to be in free variation. e.g: either [i: e?] (A.E.) direction [ai e?] (B.E.) note: Free variation is regulated not by phonetic environment but by dialects or personal habits. 1) Assimilation同化现象 (coarticulation) : A process in which one sound takes on some