大学化学课件＿国外原版教材＿1.pptVIP

Copyright 1999, PRENTICE HALL Chapter 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement The Molecular Perspective of Chemistry Matter is the physical material of the universe. Matter is made up of relatively few elements. On the microscopic level, matter consists of atoms and molecules. Atoms combine to form molecules. As we see, molecules may consist of the same type of atoms or different types of atoms. The Molecular Perspective of Chemistry In these models, we use red to represent oxygen, white to represent hydrogen, and gray to represent carbon. States of Matter Matter can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid. These are the three states of matter. Gases have no fixed shape or volume. Gases can be compressed to form liquids. Liquids have no shape, but they do have a volume. Solids are rigid and have a definite shape and volume. Pure Substances and Mixtures Atoms consist only of one type of element. Molecules can consist of more than one type of element. Molecules can have only one type of atom (an element). Molecules can have more than one type of atom (a compound). If more than one atom, element, or compound are found together, then the substance is a mixture. Pure Substances and Mixtures If matter is not uniform throughout, then it is a heterogeneous mixture. If matter is uniform throughout, it is homogeneous. If homogeneous matter can be separated by physical means, then the matter is a mixture. If homogeneous matter cannot be separated by physical means, then the matter is a pure substance. If a pure substance can be decomposed into something else, then the substance is a compound. Separation of Mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform throughout. Homogeneous mixtures can be separated by physical means (e.g., filtration, distillation or chromatography). Compounds can be decomposed into elements. Elements cannot be decomposed any further. Homogeneous liquid mixtures can be separated by distillation. Requires the different liquids to have different boiling points. All