Astrophysical and Cosmological Probes of Dark Matter英文文献资料.docVIP

Journal of Modern Physics, 2012, 3, 1152-1171 /10.4236/jmp.2012.329150 Published Online September 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jmp) Astrophysical and Cosmological Probes of Dark Matter Matts Roos Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Email: matts.roos@helsinki.fi Received June 17, 2012; revised July 16, 2012; accepted July 26, 2012 ABSTRACT Dark matter has been introduced to explain substantial mass deficits noted at different astronomical scales, in galaxies, groups of galaxies, clusters, superclusters and even across the full horizon. Dark matter does not interact with baryonic matter except gravitationally, and therefore its effects are sensed only on the largest scales. Although it is still unknown whether dark matter consists of particles or of a field or has some other nature, it has a rich phenomenology. This re- view summarizes all the astrophysical and cosmological probes that have produced overwhelming evidence for its exis- tence. The breadth of the subject does not permit details on the observational methods (the reference list then helps), thus the review is intended to be useful mainly to cosmologists searching to model dark matter. Keywords: pacs{95.35.+d, 98.65.-r, 98.62.-g, 98.80.-k, 98.90.+s} 1. Introduction relate galaxy masses to dark halo masses (Section 9). In radiation the most important tools are the tempera- ture and polarization anisotropies in the Cosmic Micro- wave Background (CMB) (Section 10), which give infor- mation on the mean density of both dark and baryonic matter as well as on the geometry of the Universe. The large scale structures of matter exhibit similar fluctua- tions evident in the Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) (Section 11). The amplitude of the temperature variations in the CMB prove, that galaxies could not have formed in a purely baryonic Universe (Section 12). Simulations of large scale structures also show that DM must be presen