Conceptual and Empirical Themes regarding the Design of Technology Transfer Programs A Review of Wood Utilization Research in the United States英文文献资料.docVIP

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Conceptual and Empirical Themes regarding the Design of Technology Transfer Programs A Review of Wood Utilization Research in the United States英文文献资料.doc

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Conceptual and Empirical Themes regarding the Design of Technology Transfer Programs A Review of Wood Utilization Research in the United States英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation InternationalJournalofForestryResearch Volume2011,ArticleID516135,16pages doi:10.1155/2011/516135 ReviewArticle ConceptualandEmpiricalThemesregardingtheDesignof TechnologyTransferPrograms:AReviewofWoodUtilization ResearchintheUnitedStates PaulV.Ellefson, MichaelA.Kilgore, KennethE.Skog, andChristopherD.Risbrudt 1 1 2 2 1 2 DepartmentofForestResources,UniversityofMinnesota,St.Paul,MN55108,USA ForestProductsLaboratory,USDepartmentofAgriculture,Madison,WI53726,USA CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoPaulV.Ellefson,pellefso@ Received7March2011;Revised6June2011;Accepted13July2011 AcademicEditor:I.B.Vertinsky Copyright?2011PaulV.Ellefsonetal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperly cited. Transferoftechnologiesproducedbyresearchiscriticaltoinnovationwithinallorganizations.Theintentofthispaperisto take stock of the conceptual underpinnings of technology transfer processes as they relate to wood utilization research and toidentifyconditionsthatpromotethesuccessfultransferofresearchresults.Conceptually,researchutilizationcanbeviewed frommultipleperspectives,includingthehaphazarddi?usionofknowledgeinresponsetovagueandimprecisedemandsfor information,scanningofmultipleinformationsourcesbyindividualsandorganizationssearchingforusefulscienti?cknowledge, engagement of third parties to organize research results and communicate them to potential users, and ongoing and active collaborationbetweenresearchersandpotentialusersofresearch.Empiricalevidencesuggeststhatvarioustypesofprogramscan promotetechnologytransfer(venturecapital,angelinvestors,businessincubators,extensionservices,taxincentives,andin-house entities),thefundamentale?ectivenessofwhichdependsonresearchresultsthatarescienti?callyvalidandconsistentwiththe informationneedsofpote