【2017年整理】Speech Acts 英语语用学.pptVIP

Contact me Yanling Tang;An Introduction to Pragmatics A Course for B.A. Students Instructor: Prof. Tang Yanling唐燕玲;Speech Acts;Main contents;Part One: Performatives;1) Backgrounds for the proposing of the performative theory;;Austin made the primary distinction between two types of utterances: Constative:表述句 Performative：施为句;2) Constative vs. Performative;;;Teacher: Class begins!;Boss: You are fired! ;I name this tiger ‘George Bush’.;“ I give and bequeath the ship to my brother.” --- as occurring in a will. ;;;3) Performative verbs;4) Characteristics of performatives;5) How to distinguish performatives and constatives; It has been noted that some statives can also be viewed as performatives. E.g. A dog is watching you. =I tell you that a dog is watching you. ;All sentences can be used to do things. Saying something can be understood as doing something.;Part Two: Three Types of Acts;(1) an act of producing linguistic units. (2) the basic literal meaning of the utterance which is conveyed by particular words and structures which the utterance contains. ---inherent meaning of a sentence(语义学研究的对象）;Illocutionary force Speaker’s meaning or intention Contextual meaning Extra-meaning;The act performed through, by means of a locutionary act . The hearer’s interpretations or reactions;Example ‘Shoot it！’;Illocutionary act (Y): Using a sentence to perform a function. ‘the act performed in saying something’ ‘In saying X, I was doing Y.’ ‘In saying ‘Shoot it’, I was ordering the three soldiers to shoot at the target.;Perlocutionary Act (Z): The results or effects that are brought about by saying something. ‘the act performed by saying something’ ‘By saying X, and doing Y, I did Z.’ ‘By saying ‘Shoot it’, and thus ordering the three soldiers to shoot at the target, I made it possible for the target to be shot by the three soldiers.’ ;