《Principles Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging》教学Chapter 4.pdfVIP

Chapter 4 Signal Characteristics The great mystery of the spin echo was what made the spins get back in phase again? Was echo a challenge to the basic concepts of irreversibility? Was there a Maxwell demon at work producing the refocusing? Charles P. Slichter In this chapter, we examine in detail time signals observed from a nuclear spin system after pulse excitations. We classify these signals into three major cate- gories: free induction decays (FID), RF echoes, and gradient echoes. For each type of signal, we describe its excitation requirements, general characteristics, and mathematical expression. 4.1 Basic Assumptions Let us state some general assumptions underlying the discussion throughout this chapter. First, we assume that an RF pulse is applied instantaneously so that the pulse interval is treated as zero. If precise timing of the occurrence of a signal is desired, finite pulse intervals need to be properly accounted for, but this is rarely the case in practice. Second, we ignore any imperfections in excitation and reception so that any phase shift due to off-resonance effects and nonuniform B; weighting on the re- ceived signal are omitted. Under this assumption, we can use the simplified signal expression in Eq. (3.150). Furthermore, for notational convenience, we will re- place dw by w so that w now represents the precessional frequency in the rotating 107 108 Chapter 4 Signal Characteristics frame. Consequently, Eq. (3.150) can be written as S(t) = f M,y(r,O+)e-t/T2(r)e-iw(r)tdr