Quantum fluctuations of elementary excitations in discrete media 外文参考文献.docVIP

QUANTUMFLUCTUATIONSOFELEMENTARY EXCITATIONSINDISCRETEMEDIA HERMANNHAKEN Received3February2004 Elementaryexcitations(electrons,holes,polaritons,excitons,plasmons,spinwaves,etc.) ondiscretesubstrates(e.g.,polymerchains,surfaces,andlattices)maymovecoherently asquantum waves(e.g., Blochwaves),butalsoincoherently (“hopping”) andmaylose theirphasesduetotheirinteractionwiththeirsubstrate,forexample,latticevibrations. In the frame of Heisenberg equations for projection operators, these latter e?ects are oftenphenomenologically takenintoaccount,whichviolatesquantummechanicalcon- sistency,however.To