Chapter14-PlantBiotechnology-CampbellUniversity14章坎贝尔大学植物生物技术.pptVIP

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Chapter14-PlantBiotechnology-CampbellUniversity14章坎贝尔大学植物生物技术.ppt

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Chapter14-PlantBiotechnology-CampbellUniversity14章坎贝尔大学植物生物技术

Chapter 14 – Plant Biotechnology What is plant biotechnology? Manipulating plants and plant parts for practical uses Improved food crops Higher yields Improved nutrition Environmental tolerances Improved production of valuable molecules Production of novel molecules Biotechnology agriculture Terminology Transgenic GMO GM crop Biotechnology and modern agriculture A brief history of crop improvement Strategies to manipulate genomes Selection of desirable traits (manipulating population genetics) Introducing new genetic traits to a genome Hybridization technologies Cross pollination Plant tissue culture (protoplast fusion) Gene transfer technologies Genetic “transformation” (gene gun, Agrobacterium tumefaciens) Create a new trait (directed evolution) Crop domestication Artificial selection since ~9,000 B.C. Origins of crop domestication Selection of desirable genetic traits Genetic selection and crop domestication Many selection strategies have been developed Example: Mass selection Limitations of selection Restricted to genetic traits existing within the crop species Homozygosity and inbreeding depression Introducing new traits:Hybridization Cross-pollination Domesticated variety as one parent Related variety or species with a desirable traits Crop improvement, hybridization gene pools Cladograms depict evolutionary relationships Backcrossing to introgress a desirable trait Hybridization and selection necessary to retain desirable traits Backcrossing Genetics of backcrossing The earliest technique utilized to improve agricultural crops was Cross pollination Selection Back crossing Hybridization Backcrossing involves Self pollination Crossing a crop to be improved repeatedly back to a related wild species containing a desirable trait Crossing the hybrid offspring of a cross pollination repeatedly back to the domesticated parent Both 1 and 2 All of these Germplasm conservation Gene banks are repositories for genetic traits National Genetics Resources Program Consul