A Re-Examination of Wolbachia-Induced Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in California Drosophila simulans 英文参考文献.docVIP

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A Re-Examination of Wolbachia-Induced Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in California Drosophila simulans 英文参考文献.doc

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A Re-Examination of Wolbachia-Induced Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in California Drosophila simulans 英文参考文献

ARe-ExaminationofWolbachia-InducedCytoplasmic IncompatibilityinCaliforniaDrosophilasimulans LaurenB.Carrington1,2¤,JeremyR.Lipkowitz2,AryA.Hoffmann1,MichaelTurelli2* 1DepartmentofGeneticsandBio21Institute,UniversityofMelbourne,Parkville,Victoria,Australia,2DepartmentofEvolutionandEcology,UniversityofCaliforniaDavis, Davis,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:InCaliforniaDrosophilasimulans,thematernallyinheritedRiversidestrainWolbachiainfection(wRi)providesa paradigmforrapidspreadofWolbachiainnatureandrapidevolutionarychange.wRiinducescytoplasmicincompatibility (CI), where crosses between infected males and uninfected females produce reduced egg-hatch. The three parameters governing wRi infection-frequency dynamics quantify: the fidelity of maternal transmission, the level of cytoplasmic incompatibility,andtherelativefecundityofinfectedfemales.Welastestimatedtheseparametersinnaturein1993.Here weprovidenewestimates,underbothfieldandlaboratoryconditions.Fiveyearsago,wefoundthatwRihadapparently evolvedover15yearstoenhancethefecundityofinfectedfemales;hereweexaminewhetherCIintensityhasalsoevolved. Methodology/Principal Findings: New estimates using wild-caught flies indicate that the three key parameters have remained relatively stable since the early 1990s. As predicted by our three-parameter model using field-estimated parametervalues,populationinfectionfrequenciesremainabout93%.Despitethisrelativestability,laboratorydatabased onreciprocalcrossesandintrogressionsuggestthatwRimayhaveevolvedtoproducelessintenseCI(i.e.,higheregghatch from incompatible crosses). In contrast, we find no evidence that D. simulans has evolved to lower the susceptibility of uninfectedfemalestoCI. Conclusions/Significance:EvolutionofwRithatreducesCIisconsistentwithcounterintuitivetheoreticalpredictionsthat within-populationselectiononCI-causingWolbachiadoesnotacttoincreaseCI.Withintaxa,CIislikelytoevolvemainlyvia pleiotropic effects associated with the primary targets of selec