Accounting for Ecosystem Alteration Doubles Estimates of Conservation Risk in the Conterminous United States 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Accounting for Ecosystem Alteration Doubles Estimates of Conservation Risk in the Conterminous United States 英文参考文献.doc

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Accounting for Ecosystem Alteration Doubles Estimates of Conservation Risk in the Conterminous United States 英文参考文献

AccountingforEcosystemAlterationDoublesEstimates ofConservationRiskintheConterminousUnitedStates RandySwaty1*,KoriBlankenship2,SarahHagen3,JosephFargione3,JimSmith4,JeanniePatton5 1TheNatureConservancy,Marquette,Michigan,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2TheNatureConservancy,Bend,Oregon,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3TheNatureConservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, 4The Nature Conservancy, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America, 5The Nature Conservancy, Boulder, Colorado,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Previousnationalandglobalconservationassessmentshavereliedonhabitatconversiondatatoquantifyconservationrisk. However, in addition to habitat conversion to crop production or urban uses, ecosystem alteration (e.g., from logging, conversion to plantations, biological invasion, or fire suppression) is a large source of conservation risk. We add data quantifyingecosystemalterationonunconvertedlandstoarriveatamoreaccuratedepictionofconservationriskforthe conterminousUnitedStates.Wequantifyecosystemalterationusingarecentnationalassessmentbasedonremotesensing ofcurrentvegetationcomparedwithmodeledreferencenaturalvegetationconditions.Highlyaltered(butnotconverted) ecosystemscomprise23%oftheconterminousUnitedStates,suchthatthenumberofcriticallyendangeredecoregionsin theUnitedStatesis156%higherthanwhencalculatedusinghabitatconversiondataalone.Increasedattentiontonatural resourcemanagementwillbeessentialtoaddresswidespreadecosystemalterationandreduceconservationrisk. Citation:SwatyR,BlankenshipK,HagenS,FargioneJ,SmithJ,etal.(2011)AccountingforEcosystemAlterationDoublesEstimatesofConservationRiskinthe ConterminousUnitedStates.PLoSONE6(8):e23002.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023002 Editor:TamaraNatashaRomanuk,DalhousieUniversity,Canada ReceivedFebruary3,2011;AcceptedJuly11,2011;PublishedAugust5,2011 Copyright: ? 2011 Swaty et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribut