Cardiac Arrest during Gamete Release in Chum Salmon Regulated by the Parasympathetic Nerve System 英文参考文献.docVIP

CardiacArrestduringGameteReleaseinChumSalmon RegulatedbytheParasympatheticNerveSystem YuyaMakiguchi1,ShinyaNagata2,TakahitoKojima3,MasakiIchimura4,YoshifumiKonno1 ,Hideki Murata2,HiroshiUeda1,5* 1DivisionofBiosphereScience,GraduateSchoolofEnvironmentalScience,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Hokkaido,Japan,2DainipponSumitomoPharmaCo.Ltd.,Suita, Osaka,Japan,3CollegeofBioresourceSciences, NihonUniversity,Fujisawa,Kanagawa,Japan, 4ShibetsuSalmonMuseum,Shibetsu,Hokkaido,Japan,5FieldScience CenterforNorthernBiosphere,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Hokkaido,Japan Abstract Cardiacarrestcausedbystartlingstimuli,suchasvisualandvibrationstimuli,hasbeenreportedinsomeanimalsandcould beconsideredasanextraordinarycaseofbradycardiaanddefinedasreversiblemissedheartbeats.Variabilityoftheheart rate is established as a balance between an autonomic system, namely cholinergic vagus inhibition, and excitatory adrenergic stimulation of neural and hormonal action in teleost. However, the cardiac arrest and its regulating nervous mechanismremainpoorlyunderstood.Weshow,byusingelectrocardiogram(ECG)dataloggers,thatcardiacarrestoccurs inchumsalmon(Oncorhynchusketa)atthemomentofgametereleasefor7.3961.61sinfemalesandfor5.2060.97sin males. The increase in heart rate during spawning behavior relative to the background rate during the resting period suggests that cardiac arrest is a characteristic physiological phenomenon of the extraordinarily high heart rate during spawning behavior. The ECG morphological analysis showed a peaked and tall T-wave adjacent to the cardiac arrest, indicatinganincreaseinpotassiumpermeabilityincardiacmusclecells,whichwouldfunctiontoretardthecardiacaction potential. Pharmacological studies showed that the cardiac arrest was abolished by injection of atropine, a muscarinic receptorantagonist,revealingthatthecardiacarrestisareflexresponseoftheparasympatheticnervesystem,although injection of sotalol, a b-adrenergic antagonist, did not affect the cardiac arrest. We conclude th