Disease and the Extended Phenotype Parasites Control Host Performance and Survival through Induced Changes in Body Plan 英文参考文献.docVIP

DiseaseandtheExtendedPhenotype:ParasitesControl HostPerformanceandSurvivalthroughInduced ChangesinBodyPlan BrettA.Goodman1,2,PieterT.J.Johnson1* 1Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America, 2School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide,Adelaide,SouthAustralia,Australia Abstract Background: By definition, parasites harm their hosts. However, some forms of parasite-induced alterations increase parasite transmission between hosts, such that manipulated hosts can be considered extensions of the parasite’s phenotype.Whilewellacceptedinprinciple,surprisinglyfewstudieshavequantifiedhowparasitemanipulationsalterhost performanceandsurvivalunderfieldandlaboratoryconditions. Methodology/Principal Findings: By interfering with limb development, the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae causes particularly severe morphological alterations within amphibian hosts that provide an ideal system to evaluate parasite- induced changes in phenotype. Here, we coupled laboratory performance trials with a capture-mark-recapture study of 1388Pacificchorusfrogs(Pseudacrisregilla)toquantifytheeffectsofparasite-inducedmalformationsonhostlocomotion, foraging, and survival. Malformations, which affected ,50% of metamorphosing frogs in nature, caused dramatic reductionsinallmeasuresoforganismalfunction.Malformedfrogsexhibitedsignificantlyshorterjumpingdistances(41% reduction), slower swimming speeds (37% reduction), reduced endurance (66% reduction), and lower foraging success relative toinfectedhostswithoutmalformations. Furthermore,while normalandmalformedindividualshadcomparable survival within predator-free exclosures, deformed frogs in natural populations had 22% lower biweekly survival than normalfrogsandrarelyrecruitedtotheadultpopulationoveratwo-yearperiod. Conclusions/Significance: Our results highlight the ability of parasites to deeply alter multiple dimensions of host phenotype with important consequences for