Ecosystem Overfishing in the Ocean 英文参考文献.docVIP

EcosystemOverfishingintheOcean MartaColl1,2.*,SimoneLibralato3.,SergiTudela4,IsabelPalomera1,FabioPranovi5 1InstitutdeCie`nces delMar,ICM-CSIC,PasseigMar?′timdelaBarceloneta,Barcelona,Spain,2DepartmentofBiology,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,NovaScotia,Canada, 3Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale–OGS, Sgonico-Zgonik, Italy, 4World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF, Mediterranean Programme Office, Barcelona,Spain,5DipartimentodiScienzeAmbientali,Universita` Ca’Foscari,Venezia,Italy Abstract Fisheriescatchesrepresentanetexportofmassandenergythatcannolongerbeusedbytrophiclevelshigherthanthose fished.Thus,exploitationimpliesadepletionofsecondaryproductionofhighertrophiclevels(heretheproductionofmass and energy by herbivores and carnivores in the ecosystem) due to the removal of prey. The depletion of secondary productionduetotheexportofbiomassandenergythroughcatcheswasrecentlyformulatedasaproxyforevaluatingthe ecosystem impacts of fishing–i.e., the level of ecosystem overfishing. Here we evaluate the historical and current risk of ecosystem overfishing at a global scale by quantifying the depletion of secondary production using the best available fisheriesandecologicaldata(i.e.,catchandprimaryproduction).Ourresultshighlightanincreasingtrendinthenumberof unsustainablefisheries(i.e.,anincreaseintheriskofecosystemoverfishing)fromthe1950stothe2000s,andillustratethe worldwide geographic expansion of overfishing. These results enable to assess when and where fishing became unsustainableattheecosystemlevel.Atpresent,totalcatchpercapitafromLargeMarineEcosystemsisatleasttwicethe valueestimatedtoensurefishingatmoderatesustainablelevels. Citation:CollM,LibralatoS,TudelaS,PalomeraI,PranoviF(2008)EcosystemOverfishingintheOcean.PLoSONE3(12):e3881.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003881 Editor:AndyHector,UniversityofZurich,Switzerland ReceivedSeptember11,2008;AcceptedNovember7,2008;PublishedDecember10,2008 Copyright:?2008Colletal.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedund