Fire, Fuel Composition and Resilience Threshold in Subalpine Ecosystem 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Fire, Fuel Composition and Resilience Threshold in Subalpine Ecosystem 英文参考文献.doc

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Fire, Fuel Composition and Resilience Threshold in Subalpine Ecosystem 英文参考文献

Fire,FuelCompositionandResilienceThresholdin SubalpineEcosystem OlivierBlarquez1,2*,ChristopherCarcaillet1,2 1Paleoenvironments and Chronoecology, E′cole Pratique des Hautes E′tudes, Montpellier, France, 2Centre for Bio-Archaeology and Ecology, Universite′ Montpellier 2, CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique,Montpellier,France Abstract Background:Forecastingtheeffectsofglobalchangesonhighaltitudeecosystemsrequiresanunderstandingofthelong- termrelationshipsbetweenbiotaandforcingfactorstoidentifyresiliencethresholds.Fireisacrucialforcingfactor:both fuelbuild-upfromland-abandonmentinEuropeanmountains,andmoredroughtslinkedtoglobalwarmingarelikelyto increasefirerisks. Methods: To assess the vegetation response to fire on a millennium time-scale, we analyzed evidence of stand-to-local vegetation dynamics derived from sedimentary plant macroremains from two subalpine lakes. Paleobotanical reconstructions at high temporal resolution, together with a fire frequency reconstruction inferred from sedimentary charcoal,wereanalyzedbySuperposedEpochAnalysistomodelplantbehaviorbefore,duringandafterfireevents. PrincipalFindings:Weshowthatfuelbuild-upfromarollapine(Pinuscembra)alwaysprecedesfires,whichisimmediately followedbyarapidincreaseofbirch(Betulasp.),thenbyericaceousspeciesafter25–75years,andbyherbsafter50–100 years.Europeanlarch(Larixdecidua),whichisthenaturalco-dominantspeciesofsubalpineforestswithPinuscembra,isnot sensitivetofire,whiletheabundanceofPinuscembraisalteredwithina150-yearperiodafterfires.Along-termtrendin vegetationdynamicsisapparent,whereinspeciesthataboundlaterinsuccessionarethefunctionaldrivers,loadingthe environmentwithfuelforfires.Thissystemcanonlybefunctionaliffiresaremainlydrivenbyexternalfactors(e.g.climate), withthemeanintervalbetweenfiresbeinglongerthantheminimumtimerequiredtoreachthelatesuccessionalstage, here150years. Conclusion:Currentglobalwarmingconditionswhichincreasedroughtoccurrences,combinedwiththeabandonmentof landinEuropeanmountainare