Heritability and Artificial Selection on Ambulatory Dispersal Distance in Tetranychus urticae Effects of Density and Maternal Effects 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Heritability and Artificial Selection on Ambulatory Dispersal Distance in Tetranychus urticae Effects of Density and Maternal Effects 英文参考文献.doc

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Heritability and Artificial Selection on Ambulatory Dispersal Distance in Tetranychus urticae Effects of Density and Maternal Effects 英文参考文献

HeritabilityandArtificialSelectiononAmbulatory DispersalDistanceinTetranychusurticae:Effectsof DensityandMaternalEffects EllynValeryBitume1,2*,DriesBonte3,SaraMagalha?es4,GillesSanMartin2,StefanVanDongen5 ,Fabien Bach1,JustinMichaelAnderson1,IsabelleOlivieri1,CarolineMarieNieberding2 1Metapopulation,Conservation,andCo-evolution,Universite′Montpellier2,Montpellier,France,2EvolutionaryEcologyandGenetics,BiodiversityResearchCenter,Earth and Life Institute, Acade′mie Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 3Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 4Centre for Environmental Biology, UniversityofLisbon,Lisbon,Portugal,5StatUAStatisticsCenter,UniversityofAntwerp,Antwerp,Belgium Abstract Dispersaldistanceisunderstudiedalthoughtheevolutionofdispersaldistanceaffectsthedistributionofgeneticdiversity through space. Using the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, we tested the conditions under which dispersal distancecouldevolve.Tothisaim,weperformedartificialselectionbasedondispersaldistancebychoosing40individuals (outof150)thatsettledfurthestfromthehomepatch(highdispersal,HDIS)and40individualsthatremainedclosetothe home patch (low dispersal, LDIS) with three replicates per treatment. We did not observe a response to selection nor a difference between treatments in life-history traits (fecundity, survival, longevity, and sex-ratio) after ten generations of selection.However,weshowthatheritabilityfordispersaldistancedependsondensity.Heritabilityfordispersaldistance waslowandnon-significantwhenusingthesamedensityastheartificialselectionexperimentswhileheritabilitybecomes significantatalowerdensity.Furthermore,weshowthatmaternaleffectsmayhaveinfluencedthedispersalbehaviourof the mites. Our results suggest primarily that selection did not work because high density and maternal effects induced phenotypicplasticityfordispersaldistance.Densityandmaternaleffectsmayaffecttheevolutionofdispersaldistanceand shouldbeincorporatedintofuturetheoreticalandempiricalstud