Negotiating Equitable Access to Influenza Vaccines Global Health Diplomacy and the Controversies Surrounding Avian Influenza H5N1 and Pandemic Influenza H1N1 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Negotiating Equitable Access to Influenza Vaccines Global Health Diplomacy and the Controversies Surrounding Avian Influenza H5N1 and Pandemic Influenza H1N1 英文参考文献.doc

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Negotiating Equitable Access to Influenza Vaccines Global Health Diplomacy and the Controversies Surrounding Avian Influenza H5N1 and Pandemic Influenza H1N1 英文参考文献

PolicyForum NegotiatingEquitableAccesstoInfluenzaVaccines: GlobalHealthDiplomacyandtheControversies SurroundingAvianInfluenzaH5N1andPandemic InfluenzaH1N1 DavidP.Fidler* MaurerSchoolofLaw,IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,Indiana,UnitedStatesofAmerica This article is part of the PLoS Medicine Global Health Diplomacy series. These plans ran headlong into develop- ing-countryconcernsthattheirpopulations wouldnothaveaccesstoH5N1vaccines. These concerns, and the lack of any mechanism to ensure equitable access to vaccinesandotherbenefitsfromresearch oninfluenzaviruses,promptedIndonesia, in 2007, to refuse to share H5N1 virus sampleswiththeWorldHealthOrganiza- tion (WHO) that would be used for surveillance [2,3]. Supported by many developing countries, Indonesia’s action questionedthelegitimacyofWHO’sGlob- al Influenza Surveillance Network and forced WHO and its member states to beginnegotiationstocreateanewsystem ofinfluenzavirusandbenefitssharing[4]. AlthoughWHO memberstatesagreedto establishastockpileofH5N1vaccine[5], the negotiations have, to date, failed to reachagreement[6]. the late spring and early summer [7]. Developedcountriesplacedlargeadvance ordersfor2009-H1N1vaccineandbought virtually all the vaccine companies could manufacture [8,9]. Developing countries andWHOidentifiedthelackofequityin how developed countries were securing accesstothevaccine[10].WHOentered talks with manufacturers and developed- Introduction One of the most controversial areas of globalhealthdiplomacyoverthepastfive yearshasinvolvednegotiationstoincrease equitable access to vaccines for highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) (HPAI-H5N1) and pandemic 2009 influ- enzaA(H1N1)(2009-H1N1).Thelimited results produced by these negotiations have stimulated calls for a new global frameworktoimproveequitableaccessto influenzavaccines.Theprospectsforsuch aframeworkarenot,however,promising, because the national interests of most developed states vis-a`-vis dangerous influ- enza strains fa