Nematodes Go Viral 英文参考文献.docVIP

Synopsis NematodesGoViral RobinMeadows* FreelanceScienceWriter,Fairfield,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Tinywormswithsimplegenetics,nem- atodes have almost everything it takes to be a favored model system to study viral infections.Recentworkhasshownthatthe nematodeCaenorhabditiselegans,longknown to enlist innate immune pathways against bacteria,canalsomustersuchresistanceto viruses. And because these immune re- sponses function much the same way in vertebrates, the worm could help answer questionsabouttheroleofthesepathways in other species, including humans. So what’smissing? appleinOrsayandaCaenorhabditisbriggsae strain from a snail on a rotting grape in Santeuil. Multiple lines of evidence sug- gestedthattheirintestinalsymptomswere viral. For example, afflicted nematodes were cured by bleaching and then re- infected when mixed with filtrates of symptomatic worms. Moreover, electron microscopy revealed virus-sized particles in intestinal cells of symptomatic nema- todes but not in those that had been bleach-cured, bolstering the hypothesis thattheafflictionwasviral. FISHstainingdemonstratinginfectionof intestinal epithelial cell of C. elegans by Orsayvirus. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001011.g001 Becausenoviruseswereknowntoinfect nematodesnaturally,biologistshadtorely on artificial means of introducing viruses or viral RNA. But these studies had the drawback of assessing immunity only to viral genome replication. Thus, the ques- tion of how the immune system guards againstotherstagesoftheviruslifecycle, from cell entry to egress, has remained a mystery.Now,biologistsmayfinallygeta morecomprehensivelookatviralinfection and immunity innematodes. In thisissue of PLoS Biology, Marie-Anne Fe′lix, Eric Miska,DavidWang,andcolleaguesreport thefirstvirusesknowntoinfectnematodes naturallyinthewild. Molecular analysis then indicated that each of the two nematode strains con- tainedRNAsequencesthatweresimilarto those of nodaviruses, a family of viruses that infect invert