New Models of Microsporidiosis Infections in Zebrafish, C. elegans, and Honey Bee 英文参考文献.docVIP

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New Models of Microsporidiosis Infections in Zebrafish, C. elegans, and Honey Bee 英文参考文献.doc

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New Models of Microsporidiosis Infections in Zebrafish, C. elegans, and Honey Bee 英文参考文献

Pearls NewModelsofMicrosporidiosis:InfectionsinZebrafish, C.elegans,andHoneyBee EmilyR.Troemel* SectionofCellandDevelopmentalBiology,UniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego,LaJolla,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica MicrosporidiaAreMinimalistParasitesThat InvadeandReplicateinsideaWideRangeof Hosts thesporetodirectlyinjecttheparasiteintohostcells,althoughthe exact details of this process are poorly understood in vivo. A variety of cues have been shown to induce polar tube firing in vitro,butnocuehasbeenfoundthatisuniversal[7].Presumably thehostenvironmentencounteredbyeachmicrosporidiaspecies during infection differs, and thus each species may respond to a distinctsetofconditions. Microsporidia comprise a large phylum of fungal-related pathogensthathavebeenstudiedsincethetimeofLouisPasteur, whoin1870foundthattheywereresponsibleforsilkwormdisease that was decimating the silkworm industry [1,2]. These obligate intracellular microbes are ubiquitous, but have remained enig- maticbecauseofthedifficultiesofculturingtheminthelab.Inthe 1990stherewasasurge ofinterest inmicrosporidia whenit was foundthattheywereresponsibleforseverediarrheaanddeathin AIDS patients, but most research on these parasites has been conducted in fish and insects [3]. A recent PLoS Pathogens Pearl focused on the phylogenetic placement of microsporidia and the compactnessoftheirgenomes[4].Inthisreviewwewillconsider theinteractionbetweenmicrosporidiaandtheirhosts,withafocus on three non-mammalian hosts: zebrafish, Caenorhabditis elegans, andhoneybee(Figure1).Thesehostsarerelativelynewsystems for the study of microsporidia, with distinct reasons motivating interestineachofthemasdescribedbelow.Thesesystemsprovide excitingnewopportunitiestoobtaininsightsintothemechanisms ofmicrosporidiapathogenesis. Once inside the host cell, microsporidia are very dependent occupants.Microsporidiangenomesareextremelyreducedinsize, havingjettisonedfunctionsthatcanbeaccomplishedbythehost cell.Anexampleofthisdependenceisthatmicros