Patterns of Reproductive Isolation in Toads 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Patterns of Reproductive Isolation in Toads 英文参考文献.doc

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Patterns of Reproductive Isolation in Toads 英文参考文献

PatternsofReproductiveIsolationinToads JohnH.Malone.¤*,BrianE.Fontenot. DepartmentofBiology,TheUniversityofTexasatArlington,Arlington,Texas,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Understanding the general features of speciation is an important goal in evolutionary biology, and despite significant progress,severalunresolvedquestionsremain.Weanalyzedanextensivecomparativedatasetconsistingofmorethan1900 crossesbetween92speciesoftoadstoinferpatternsofreproductiveisolation.Thisuniquedatasetprovidesanopportunity toexaminethestrengthofreproductiveisolation,thedevelopmentandsexratiosofhybridoffspring,patternsoffertility andinfertility,andpolyploidizationinhybridsallinthecontextofgeneticdivergencebetweenparentalspecies.Wefound thatthestrengthofintrinsicpostzygoticisolationincreaseswithgeneticdivergence,butrelativelyhighlevelsofdivergence are necessary before reproductive isolation is complete in toads. Fertilization rates were not correlated to genetic divergence,buthatchingsuccess,thenumberoflarvaeproduced,andthepercentageoftadpolesreachingmetamorphosis wereallinverselyrelatedwithgeneticdivergence.Hybridsbetweenspecieswithlowerlevelsofdivergencedevelopedto metamorphosis,whilehybridswithhigherlevelsofdivergencestoppeddevelopingingastrulaandlarvalstages.Sexratios of hybrid offspring were biased towards males in 70% of crosses and biased towards females in 30% of crosses. Hybrid females from crosses between closely related species were completely fertile, while approximately half (53%) of hybrid malesweresterile,withsterilitypredictedbygeneticdivergence.Thedegreeofabnormalploidyinhybridswaspositively related to genetic divergence between parental species, but surprisingly, polyploidization had no effect on patterns of asymmetrical inviability. We discuss explanations for these patterns, including the role of Haldane’s rule in toads and anuransingeneral,andsuggestmechanismsgeneratingpatternsofreproductiveisolationinanurans. Citation:MaloneJH,FontenotBE(2008)PatternsofReproductiveIsol