Pesticide use and opportunities of exposure among farmers and their families cross-sectional studies 1998-2006 from Hebron governorate, occupied Palestinian territory 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Pesticide use and opportunities of exposure among farmers and their families cross-sectional studies 1998-2006 from Hebron governorate, occupied Palestinian territory 英文参考文献.doc

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Pesticide use and opportunities of exposure among farmers and their families cross-sectional studies 1998-2006 from Hebron governorate, occupied Palestinian territory 英文参考文献

Issaetal.EnvironmentalHealth2010,9:63 /content/9/1/63 RESEARCH OpenAccess Pesticideuseandopportunitiesofexposure amongfarmersandtheirfamilies:cross-sectional studies1998-2006fromHebrongovernorate, occupiedPalestinianterritory YaserIssa1,2,3*,FaridAbuSham’a1,2,4,KhaldounNijem2,EspenBjertness1,5,PetterKristensen1,6 Abstract Background:AdversehealtheffectscausedbypesticideexposurehavebeenreportedinoccupiedPalestinian territoryandtheworldatlarge.TheobjectiveofthispaperistocomparepatternsofpesticideuseinBeit-U’mmar village,WestBank,between1998and2006. Methods:WestudiedtwopopulationsinBeit-U’mmarvillage,comprisedof:1)61malefarmersandtheirwivesin 1998and2)250malefarmersin2006.Bothpopulationscompletedastructuredinterview,whichincluded questionsaboutsocio-demographicfactors,typesoffarmingtasks,aswellascompounds,quantities,andhandling ofpesticides.Usingthe1998populationasareference,weappliedgeneralizedlinearregressionmodels(GLM)and 95%confidenceintervals(CI)inordertoestimateprevalencedifferences(PD)betweenthetwopopulations. Results:In1998,farmersused47formulatedpesticidesontheircrops.In2006,16ofthesepesticideswerestillin use,includingfiveinternationallybannedcompounds.Therewerepositivechangeswithlessuseoflarge quantitiesofpesticides(40units/year)(PD-51;CI-0.60,-0.43),inapplyingtherecommendeddosageofpesticides (PD+0.57;CI+0.48,+0.68)andcomplyingwiththesafetyperiod(PD+0.89;CI+0.83,+0.95).Changesalsoincluded farmers’habitswhileapplyingpesticides,suchaslesssmoking(PD-0.20;CI-0.34,-0.07)andeatingatthework place(PD-0.33;CI-0.47,-0.19).Nosignificantchangeswerefoundfrom1998to2006regardinguseofpersonal protectiveequipment,pesticidestorage,farmers’habitsafterapplyingpesticides,andinusingsomehighly hazardouspesticides. Conclusions:Theresultswerebasedontwocross-sectionalsurveysandshouldbeinterpretedwithcautiondue topotentialvalidityproblems.Theresultsofthestudysuggestsomepositivechangesinthehandlingofpesticides amongstparticipantsin2006,whichcouldbeduetodifferentpolicyinterventionsandr