Pharmacological and therapeutic directions in ADHD Specificity in the PFC 英文参考文献.docVIP

Behavioral and Brain Functions BioMedCentral Review Open Access Pharmacological and therapeutic directions in ADHD: Specificity in the PFC Florence Levy Address: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia Email: Florence Levy - f.levy@.au Published: 28 February 2008 Received: 21 October 2007 Accepted: 28 February 2008 Behavioral and Brain Functions 2008, 4:12 doi:10.1186/1744-9081-4-12 This article is available from: /content/4/1/12 ? 2008 Levy; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Recent directions in the treatment of ADHD have involved both a broadening of pharmacological perspectives to include nor-adrenergic as well as dopaminergic agents. A review of animal and human studies of pharmacological and therapeutic directions in ADHD suggests that the D1 receptor is a specific site for dopaminergic regulation of the PFC, but optimal levels of dopamine (DA) are required for beneficial effects on working memory. Animal and human studies indicate that the alpha-2A receptor is also important for prefrontal regulation, leaving open the question of the relative importance of these receptor sites. The therapeutic effects of ADHD medications in the prefrontal cortex have focused attention on the development of working memory capacity in ADHD. Hypothesis: The actions of dopaminergic vs noradrenergic agents, currently available for the treatment of ADHD have overlapping, but different actions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and subcortical centers. While stimulants act on D1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, they also have effects on D2 receptors in the corpus